Inkqubo yokupakishwa kwemveliso iya kuchaphazeleka yimozulu kunye nezinto ezisingqongileyo. Ngenxa yokuba uluhlu lokujikeleza kweUKukupakishwa kwecuba iimveliso ziyahluka kakhulu kungakhathaliseki ukuba imeko yemozulu yengingqi kunye nokusingqongileyo. Abaqulunqi bobunjineli bokupakisha kufuneka baqonde imithetho eguqukayo yeemeko zemeteorological zokusingqongileyo, bafunde impembelelo yeemeko zokusingqongileyo zemeteorological ekusebenzeni kunye nomgangatho weepakethi, kwaye babonelele ngokhuseleko oluyimfuneko ukuze ukupakishwa kukwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokupakisha imveliso ngaphakathi kwexesha elithile lokugcinwa okanye kwishelufu. , kunye nokunciphisa ilahleko yenkqubo yokujikeleza ngaphakathi.
Imiba yemozulu echaphazelayoUkupakishwa kwecuba lase-UK iteknoloji bhekisa kwiimeko zemozulu, ezibandakanya ubukhulu becala ubushushu, ukufuma, imvula nekhephu, imitha yomoya kunye nelanga, njl.
1. Urhudo
Ubungakanani obubonakalayo obubonakalisa iqondo lobushushu nokubanda kweatmosfera, oko kukuthi ubushushu bomoya. Iqondo lobushushu kwi-atmosfera ngokubanzi libhekisa kubushushu obujongwe sisikhululo semozulu, oko kukuthi, iqondo lobushushu lomoya elikumphakamo weemitha ezi-2 ukusuka emhlabeni, ngaphandle kwelanga elithe ngqo kunye nokuhamba komoya okulungileyo.
Ubude ngoyena mba wokutshintsha kwamaqondo obushushu kwiindawo ngeendawo, kulandele umhlaba wengingqi kunye nokuphakama. Ilizwe lethu linommandla omkhulu, onomahluko omkhulu wokuphakama kunye nemozulu kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, iqondo lokushisa eliphezulu kwi-Turpan Basin liye lafikelela kuma-48°C, ngelixa iMohe, iHeilongjiang, ifumene amaqondo obushushu asezantsi njenge-50°C. Ummandla osempuma unemozulu eshushu, enemozulu efudumeleyo, ebandayo kunye nezinye iindawo zemozulu ukusuka emazantsi ukuya emantla. KwiThafa laseQinghai-Tibet, kukho iilali eziphakamileyo zeelali kunye nemimandla yemozulu enomkhenkce unyaka wonke. Ubushushu bomhlaba bunotshintsho lwemihla ngemihla kunye nonyaka, okwenza ukuba ubushushu bomoya bube notshintsho lwemini kunye nonyaka. Olu tshintsho lujikeleza kwaye lubangelwa utshintsho kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwemitha ephantsi.
Ubushushu bemihla ngemihla bunobuninzi kunye nexabiso elincinci. Elona qondo lobushushu lisezantsi lenzeka kufutshane nokuphuma kwelanga. Emva kokuphuma kwelanga, umoya unyuka ngokuthe ngcembe, ufikelele kwelona xabiso liphezulu phakathi kwe-14 ne-15 emini, kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe wehla kude kube sekuphumeni kwelanga. Umahluko phakathi kweqondo lobushushu eliphezulu kunye nelona lisezantsi lobushushu emini nasebusuku libizwa ngokuba luluhlu lweqondo lobushushu le-diurnal, elinxulumene nobubanzi, ixesha lonyaka, i-topography, iipropati zomphezulu, iimeko zemozulu kunye nokuphakama.
Utshintsho lonyaka kwiqondo lokushisa nalo lunexabiso eliphezulu kunye nexabiso elincinci (ngaphandle kweendawo ezikufutshane ne-equator). Elona qondo lobushushu liphezulu lonyaka lenzeka ehlotyeni, ubukhulu becala ngoJulayi kumhlaba omkhulu kunye no-Agasti elwandle. Elona qondo lobushushu lisezantsi lenzeka ebusika, ikakhulu ngoJanyuwari kumhlaba omkhulu kwaye ngoFebruwari elwandle. Umahluko phakathi kweqondo lobushushu eliphakathi kweyona nyanga ishushu kakhulu kunye neqondo lobushushu lenyanga ebandayo enyakeni libizwa ngokuba liqondo lobushushu lonyaka. Ngokunjalo, ubungakanani bayo bukwanxulumene nezinto ezifana nobubanzi, i-topography, iipropati zomhlaba, iimeko zemozulu kunye nokuphakama. Ngokomzekelo, kwimimandla etshisayo, umlinganiselo wobushushu wonyaka kwilizwekazi unokufikelela kuma-20°C, ngelixa kwimimandla yonxweme imalunga ne-5°C, kunye neqondo lokushisa lonyaka alikho likhulu. Uluhlu lonyaka lukhulu kakhulu kwindawo epholileyo, kwaye luyanda ngokunyuka kwe-latitude kunye nobunzulu belizwe. Uluhlu lonyaka ngakunxweme lolwandle lumalunga ne-15°C, ngelixa kwilizwekazi linokufikelela kuma-50 ~ 60°C.
Utshintsho lwemihla ngemihla kwiqondo lokushisa luya kuba nefuthe kumgangatho wokupakisha. Kwimimandla eyomileyo yeTropiki enoguquko olukhulu lwemini, ubushushu bobusuku bunokuba kufutshane nama-30.°C kwiiyure ezisi-8 ukusuka ngaphambi kokuphuma kwelanga. Umahluko omkhulu wobushushu bemihla ngemihla unokubangela utshintsho oluqatha lokufuma kwesalamane kwiiphakheji ezivaliweyo.
Imisebenzi ephambili yokupakishwa kokutya kukuthintela ukonakaliswa kokutya kwindawo ejikelezayo, ukuqinisekisa umgangatho, ukuthintela ukutya ekungcolisweni ziimicroorganisms kunye nokungcola, ukusebenzisa umatshini kunye nokupakishwa okuzenzekelayo ukuphucula ukusebenza kwemveliso, ukwenza imveliso ibe nengqiqo ngakumbi, kwaye ikhuthaze kwaye iphucule ukutya. ukujikeleza. kunye nolawulo lweshishini lokunyusa ixabiso lemveliso yokutya. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ukupakishwa kokutya kwamkela uthotho lwetekhnoloji entsha kunye neenkqubo, kubandakanya itekhnoloji yokupakishwa kwengxowa yokutya, itekhnoloji yokutya ekhenkcezayo, ukugcinwa ngokutsha.Ukupakishwa kwecuba lase-UK itekhnoloji, iteknoloji yokupakisha i-aseptic, njl. Ukuthatha ukupakishwa kwe-aseptic yeziselo zejusi yeziqhamo njengomzekelo, siya kuhlalutya inkqubo yokwenziwa kwemimiselo yokupakishwa kwemveliso yesiselo 1. Iimpawu zeziselo zeziqhamo kunye neemfuno ezithile zokupakisha.
Ijusi yenziwe kwiziqhamo ezahlukeneyo, ezihluka ngokubunjwa kunye neempawu. Izinto eziphambili ezinxulumene nokupakishwa zi-acidity, i-enzymes, i-vitamin C, umbala kunye nephunga lejusi.
Zonke iziqhamo kunye nejusi ziqulethe i-acids eziphilayo ukuya kumaqondo ahlukeneyo. Iiasidi ze-Organic zinokugcina ivumba elikhethekileyo leziqhamo, zinike abantu incasa yolonwabo, kwaye ziluncedo kwimpilo yabantu. Ngoko ke, imigangatho yokupakisha akufuneki ikhusele kuphela i-asidi ephilayo kwijusi yeziqhamo, kodwa iphinde ithintele i-acids ye-organic ukuba yenze. Impembelelo eyonakalisayo yee-asidi kwipakethe. I-pH yokutya kwejusi yeziqhamouk ukupakishwa kwecuba ngokubanzi ingaphantsi kwe-4.5. Iintsholongwane aziyi kukhula phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Ukonakala kwejusi yeziqhamo kubangelwa ikakhulu yigwele kunye nokungunda. Kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi, iijusi ezikrwada ziyawohloka ngenxa yokubila kotywala, nto leyo ebangela ukuba utywala neziqhamo zibe neasidi ngenxa yegwele okanye ukukhula komngundo kumphezulu. Ukuthintela ukonakaliswa, kufuneka icocwe ngoko nangoko ngobushushu obuphezulu
Oko kukuthi, sebenzisa ipleyiti okanye umtshintshi wobushushu ityhubhu ukufudumeza ijusi ukuya kwi-110°C kwaye uyigcine imizuzwana ye-15, okanye ihluzo kwaye ungeze izigcini zokuphelisa ijusi or inqanda iziphumo eziyingozi zegwele. I-Vitamin C kwijusi ilahleka ngokulula, ngakumbi kwizikhongozeli zetsimbi ezinentsimbi emdaka, ubhedu okanye i-tin plating. Ngenxa yobukho be-ion zetsimbi, i-vitamin C i-oxidized ngokulula. Ngoko ke, ukupheka ngokukhawuleza kunokunciphisa umphumo we-ascorbic acid oxidase. , ukunciphisa ukusabela kwe-oxidation kunye nokukhusela i-vitamin C. Ukusebenzisa ukupakishwa kwe-airtight kunye nokukhanya ukukhanya kunye nokugcina kubushushu obuphantsi kuya kunciphisa ukulahleka kwe-vitamin C. Ukongeza umlinganiselo othile we-sulfite ngexesha lokunkonkxa nalo kunempembelelo yokukhusela kwi-vitamin C. 2.
Uyilo lwesitya sokupakisha se-aseptic sejusi Ukutya kwejusi kuvalwa inzala ngoko nangoko kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, emva koko iqondo lobushushu lithotywe liye kutsho kuma-20–30.°C ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zobunyumba. Ukupakishwa kwe-Aseptic yokutya kwejusi yeziqhamo yinkqubo yokupakisha ebeka ijusi eyinyumba, izikhongozeli zokupakisha kunye nokupakisha izinto ezincedisayo kwindawo eyinyumba, kwaye isebenzisa umatshini wokuzalisa i-aseptic ukugcwalisa kunye nokutywina.
Izikhongozeli zokupakisha ezisetyenziswa kwipakethe ye-aseptic ziquka iikomityi, iibhokisi, iibhegi, imiphanda, njl. Umgangatho weuk ukupakishwa kwecuba iibhokisi ezenziwe ngeefilimu ezidibeneyo yi-8% kuphela yeebhotile zeglasi ezinomthamo ofanayo. Ayinayo nje indleko ephantsi, kodwa iphinda ivelise inkunkuma encinci, ehambelana nokukhuselwa kwendalo.
Ubume kunye noyilo olungabonakaliyo lwebhokisi yokupakisha ye-aseptic iboniswe kwi-Figure 8-4. Izinto zebhokisi yifilimu edibeneyo, ehlanganiswe ngamacandelo amathandathu ezinto eziphathekayo, okuyi-polyethylene / iphepha / i-polyethylene / i-aluminium foil / i-polyethylene / i-polyethylene edibeneyo yeMaterial, apho i-75% yiphepha, i-20% i-polyethylene, kunye ne-5 eseleyo. % yifoyile yealuminiyam.
Ukuprintwa komzobo, ukudibanisa imathiriyeli, ukusika kunye nokwenziwa kwephepha langaphandle lebhokisi yokupakisha zonke zigqitywe ngabavelisi abaziingcali kwaye zisiwa kumzi-mveliso wokupakisha ngendlela yomqulu. Isitena esiqhelekileyo esinentsholongwaneUkupakishwa kwecuba lase-UK ikhathoni kwimarike inomthamo we-250mL, kwaye imilinganiselo yayo iboniswe kuMfanekiso 8-4 (b). Umgca oqinileyo kumfanekiso ubonisa umgca wokusika we-contour, umgca onamachaphaza ubonisa umgca we-indentation we-fold yangaphakathi, kwaye umgca onamachaphaza ubonisa umgca we-indentation we-fold yangaphandle. Umqulu wemathiriyeli yokupakisha uthuthwa ukuya kumzi-mveliso wokupakisha unobubanzi obungange-800mm kunye nobude obumalunga nama-800m. Malunga nama-5,000 eebhokisi zokupakisha ezimile okwezitena ezingama-250m zinokuveliswa.
Iziyobisi ziyimpahla ekhethekileyo echaphazela ubomi bomntu kunye nokhuseleko, ngoko ke kufuneka ziveliswe kumgangatho ophezulu ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwazo. Ukhuseleko lusemgangathweni. I-Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) yamayeza aqulunqwe nguMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (i-W0) kukuphumeza ulawulo olubanzi lomgangatho kwinkqubo yokuvelisa amayeza, njengokulawulwa kwezinto eziluhlaza, ubuninzi kunye nokuhanjiswa kokugqibela, kubandakanywa neenkqubo zokupakisha zokusebenza kweyeza. iifektri. Kukho imimiselo ecacileyo kwindawo, abasebenzi ababandakanyekayo ekupakisheni kunye neuk icubaukupakishwa izikhongozeli, izinto zokupakisha, izixhobo zokupakisha, iimpawu zokupakisha, njl. njl. Iimfuno ezingqongqo zabekwa phambili. Ngamafutshane, ukupakishwa kwamayeza kufuneka kukhuseleke kwaye kuthembeke. Ukhuseleko olulungileyo. Kulula ukuqhubekeka. Ukukhuthaza ukuthengisa, uqoqosho, kulula ukuyisebenzisa, ukuhambisa ulwazi kunye neminye imisebenzi
1.Uk icuba pukumangalela iimfuno zamayeza ahlukeneyo.
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zamayeza, kwaye iimfuno zobugcisa zokupakisha ziquka i-1) Impembelelo yezinto zangaphandle kwimilo yeebhotile zamayeza. Amayeza achaphazeleka kakhulu kwiimpembelelo zomzimba, iikhemikhali, iintsholongwane kunye neemeko zemozulu. Umzekelo, emoyeni kunye nokuxhomekeka noodle. Kulula ukwenza i-oxidize kwaye ibangele usulelo, kulula ukubola kunye nokutshintsha umbala xa ibonakaliswe ekukhanyeni, ibolile kwaye iyonakala xa ibonakaliswe kukufuma, kwaye kulula ukuguquguquka kunye nokuthamba xa ibonakaliswe kubushushu, ngaloo ndlela ibangela ukuba iyeza liphulukane nokusebenza kwalo. Ngamanye amaxesha, endaweni yokunyanga isifo, kunokubangela ukugula kunye nokubeka engozini ukhuseleko lobomi. ngoko. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba yiyiphi imilo, isakhiwo, ukuyila umhlobiso kunye nokukhethwa kwezinto zokupakisha ukupakishwa kwamayeza, into yokuqala ekufuneka iqwalaselwe kukusebenza kwayo kokukhusela, oko kukuthi, ukugcina ukusebenza kweyeza. I-avareji yexesha lokusebenza kwamayeza yiminyaka emi-2, kwaye amanye anokufikelela ngaphezulu kweminyaka emi-3. Ke ngoko, ukupakishwa kufuneka kuqinisekise ukuba izithako zamayeza zizinzile ngexesha lokuqinisekisa kwaye aziyi kubi. Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zedosi yamayeza ziwohloka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Amayeza aqinileyo afana neepilisi kunye nee powders ziyakwazi ukufuma. Xa iqondo lobushushu kunye nokufuma kutshintsha, imilo kunye nomgangatho wazo ziya kutshintsha ngokuthe ngcembe. Umzekelo, emva kokuba iipilisi ezifakwe iswekile zifumile, umphezulu uya kuba ne-deliques kwaye uya kubonakala ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ukuqhekeka kuya kunciphisa umxholo wezinto eziphambili zeyeza kunye nokunciphisa ukusebenza kwayo. Omnye umzekelo yinto yokuncamathela yomgubo kunye neegranules emva kokufuma, nto leyo enciphisa ukusebenza nomgangatho wamayeza. Ulwelo okanye iinaliti kunye namanye amayeza azichaphazeleki kukufuma, kodwa ziqhelekile kwi-oxidation xa zidibana nomoya, eziya kutshintsha kwakhona amacandelo aphambili amayeza kwaye ibangele ukubola. Okanye imvula: Amanye amayeza asulelwa lula ziintsholongwane, ukungunda, nomngundo kwaye awonakalise, aphulukane nokusebenza kwawo ngokupheleleyo aze abe ziimveliso ezikumgangatho ophantsi.
Iziyobisi ze-Viscous ezifana ne-softening agents ziyakuthamba, okanye zingene kwi-oxidation kunye nokutshintsha kombala phantsi kotshintsho lobushushu kunye nokuvezwa kokukhanya. 2 Iimfuno zokupakishwa kweziyobisi. Okokuqala, imeko yengqondo yesigulana kunye neemfuno kufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo, kwaye ulwazi olwaneleyo kufuneka lubandakanywe ukwenzela ukuba abathengi baqonde izithako kunye nemvelaphi yokuveliswa kwechiza, ukuphumelela ngokuthe ngqo kwesi sifo, kunye nendlela yokuyithatha. Uyilo kufuneka lubonise imvakalelo yokhuseleko kunye nokuthembeka kwaye kufuneka kube lula ukuyisebenzisa, ukuthwala kunye nokugcina. Kufuneka kwakhona kuthathwe njengento efanelekileyo ukupakisha i-automation ukuphucula imveliso. Itheyibhile 8-6 ibonisa ukuhlelwa kweefom zedosi yamayeza kunye neefom zokupakisha ezisetyenziselwa ukubhekisela.
2. Uyilo lwezamayezaUkupakishwa kwecuba lase-UKimisebenzi yokukhusela.
Ngokusekelwe kwindawo yokujikeleza amayeza, njengokushisa, umswakama, i-oksijini, ukukhanya, njl., kunye neempawu zeefom zokulinganisa amayeza, iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokupakisha kunye nezinto eziphathekayo kufuneka zikhethwe kwi-design yokupakisha yokukhusela. Kumayeza achaphazeleka lula kukufuma, kufuneka kusetyenziswe izinto zokupakisha ezinobungqina bokufuma.
Ukusasazwa kokufuma okulinganiselweyo emhlabeni kuyatshintsha ngokwesibanzi. Ukusuka kwi-ikhweyitha ukuya kufutshane nezibanzi eziphakathi (malunga nama-35°), ukufuma okunxulumeneyo kuncipha ngokunyuka kwesibanzi. Xa utshintsha ukusuka kwisibanzi esiphakathi ukuya kwisibanzi esiphakamileyo, njengoko iqondo lobushushu lincipha ngokuthe ngcembe, ukufuma okunxulumeneyo kuyenyuka ngokwanda kwesibanzi.
Ummandla osemazantsi oMlambo iYangtze kwilizwe lam ufumile noko, unomyinge wonyaka wokufuma omalunga ne-70% ukuya kwi-80% kunye nokufuma okupheleleyo kwe-1.6 ukuya kwi-2.4kPa; Inani elongezelekayo lamaxesha okufuma okuhambelanayo ngonyaka ngaphezulu kwe-80% zenza i-50% yeeyure zizonke zonyaka. Iiyure ezine-90% zokufuma ziba ngaphezu kwama-25% onyaka. Umyinge wonyaka wokufuma ozalanayo kwi-Yellow River Basin yi-70%, kwaye ukufuma okupheleleyo yi-1.2kPa; UMntla-mpuma weTshayina
Umyinge wonyaka wokufuma onxulumeneyo kwindawo yi-70%, kwaye ukufuma okupheleleyo yi-0.8kPa kuphela.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-05-2024