Inkqubo yokupakisha imveliso iya kuchaphazeleka yimozulu kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo. Ngenxa yokuba uluhlu lokujikeleza kwemvelisoUKukupakishwa kwecuba Iimveliso zahluka kakhulu kungakhathaliseki ukuba iimeko zemozulu nezendalo zinjani na. Abayili beenjineli zokupakisha kufuneka baqonde imithetho etshintshayo yeemeko zemozulu, bafunde impembelelo yeemeko zemozulu kwindlela esebenza ngayo kunye nomgangatho weepakethe, kwaye banike ukhuseleko oluyimfuneko ukuze ukupakisha kukwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokupakisha imveliso kwixesha elithile lokugcina okanye ixesha lokuphelelwa, kwaye banciphise ukulahleka kwenkqubo yokujikeleza kwegazi.
Izinto zemozulu ezichaphazelaUkupakishwa kwecuba lase-UK ubuchwepheshe bhekisa kwiimeko zemozulu, eziquka ikakhulu ubushushu, ukufuma, imvula nekhephu, umoya kunye nemitha yelanga, njl.
1. Urhudo
Ubungakanani obubonakalayo obubonisa inqanaba lobushushu nokubanda komoya, oko kukuthi ubushushu bomoya. Ubushushu obukwimo yezulu ngokubanzi bubhekisa kubushushu obubonwa sisikhululo semozulu, oko kukuthi, ubushushu bomoya obuphezulu kwiimitha ezi-2 ukusuka emhlabeni, ngaphandle kokukhanya kwelanga ngqo kwaye nomoya ujikeleza kakuhle.
I-Latitude yeyona nto iphambili ekutshintsheni kobushushu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, kulandele umhlaba kunye nokuphakama kwendawo. Ilizwe lethu linommandla omkhulu, onomahluko omkhulu kukuphakama kunye nemozulu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, ubushushu obuphezulu kwiTurpan Basin bakha bafikelela kuma-48 degrees.°C, ngelixa iMohe, eHeilongjiang, ifumene amaqondo obushushu aphantsi ukuya kuthi ga kwi-minus 50°C. Ummandla osempuma uneendawo zemozulu ezishushu, ezishushu, ezibandayo kunye nezinye ukusuka emazantsi ukuya emantla. Kwi-Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, kukho iindawo zeelali eziphakamileyo zeentaba kunye neendawo zemozulu ezibandayo unyaka wonke. Ubushushu bomphezulu bunotshintsho lwemihla ngemihla nolonyaka, nto leyo eyenza ubushushu bomoya bube notshintsho lwemihla ngemihla nolonyaka. Olu tshintsho lujikeleza kwaye lubangelwa lutshintsho kwibhajethi yemitha yomhlaba.
Amaqondo obushushu emihla ngemihla anexabiso eliphezulu neliphantsi. Amaqondo obushushu aphantsi aqala kufutshane nokuphuma kwelanga. Emva kokuphuma kwelanga, umoya unyuka kancinci kancinci, ufikelele kwixabiso eliphezulu phakathi kwe-14 ne-15 emini, uze uhle kancinci kancinci de kuphume ilanga. Umahluko phakathi kwamaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye namaqondo obushushu aphantsi emini nasebusuku ubizwa ngokuba luluhlu lwamaqondo obushushu emini, oluhambelana ne-latitude, ixesha lonyaka, i-topography, iimpawu zomphezulu, iimeko zemozulu kunye nokuphakama.
Utshintsho lonyaka kubushushu lukwanexabiso eliphezulu kunye nexabiso elincinci (ngaphandle kweendawo ezikufutshane ne-equator). Ubushushu obuphezulu bonyaka buvela ehlotyeni, uninzi lwazo luvela ngoJulayi kwilizwekazi kwaye ngo-Agasti elwandlekazini. Ubushushu obuphantsi buvela ebusika, uninzi lwazo luvela ngoJanuwari kwilizwekazi kwaye ngoFebruwari elwandlekazini. Umahluko phakathi kobushushu obuqhelekileyo benyanga eshushu kunye nobushushu obuqhelekileyo benyanga ebanda kakhulu ngonyaka ubizwa ngokuba lubushushu bonyaka. Ngokufanayo, ubukhulu bayo bunxulumene nezinto ezifana ne-latitude, i-topography, iipropati zomhlaba, iimeko zemozulu kunye nokuphakama. Umzekelo, kwiindawo ezishushu, uluhlu lobushushu bonyaka oluqhelekileyo kwilizwekazi lunokufikelela kuma-20.°C, ngelixa kwiindawo ezikunxweme lolwandle imalunga ne-5°C, kwaye uluhlu lobushushu lonyaka alukho likhulu. Uluhlu lonyaka lukhulu kakhulu kwindawo enemozulu epholileyo, kwaye luyanda ngokukhula kobubanzi nobunzulu ngaphakathi. Uluhlu lonyaka oluselunxwemeni lolwandle lumalunga ne-15°C, ngelixa kwilizwekazi linokufikelela kuma-50-60°C.
Utshintsho lwemihla ngemihla kubushushu luya kuba nefuthe kumgangatho wokupakisha. Kwiindawo ezomileyo zaseTropiki ezinotshintsho olukhulu lwemini, umlinganiselo wobushushu bemini ungasondela kuma-30 degrees.°C kwiiyure ezisi-8 ukususela ngaphambi kokusa emva kokuphuma kwelanga. Umahluko omkhulu kubushushu bemihla ngemihla unokubangela utshintsho olukhulu kumswakama kwiipakethe ezivaliweyo.
Imisebenzi ephambili yokupakisha ukutya kukuthintela ukutya ekuboleni kwindawo yokujikeleza kwegazi, ukuqinisekisa umgangatho, ukuthintela ukutya ekungcolisweni ziintsholongwane kunye nokungcola, ukusebenzisa ukupakisha oomatshini kunye noomatshini ukuze kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso, ukwenza imveliso ibe nengqiqo ngakumbi, kunye nokukhuthaza nokuphucula ukujikeleza kokutya. kunye nolawulo lweshishini ukuze kunyuswe ixabiso lempahla yokutya. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ukupakisha ukutya kusebenzisa uthotho lweetekhnoloji ezintsha kunye neenkqubo, kubandakanya ukupakisha iibhegi eziphendulayo itekhnoloji yokutya, itekhnoloji yokutya eqandisiweyo ngokukhawuleza, ukugcina ukutya kutsha.Ukupakishwa kwecuba lase-UK ubuchwepheshe, ubuchwepheshe bokupakisha obungenabungozi, njl. Sithatha umzekelo wokupakisha iziselo zejusi yeziqhamo ngendlela engenabungozi, siza kuhlalutya inkqubo yokwenziwa kwemigaqo yenkqubo yokupakisha imveliso yesiselo 1. Iimpawu zeziselo zeziqhamo kunye neemfuno ezithile zokupakisha
Ijusi yenziwe ngeziqhamo ezahlukeneyo, ezahluka ngokubunjwa kunye neempawu. Izinto eziphambili ezinxulumene nokupakishwa yi-asidi, ii-enzymes, i-vitamin C, umbala kunye nevumba lejusi.
Zonke iziqhamo kunye neejusi ziqulathe ii-asidi ze-organic ukuya kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo. Ii-asidi ze-organic zinokugcina ivumba elikhethekileyo leziqhamo, zinike abantu ulonwabo, kwaye ziluncedo kwimpilo yabantu. Ke ngoko, imigangatho yokupakisha akufuneki ikhusele ii-asidi ze-organic kwijusi zeziqhamo kuphela, kodwa ikwathintele ukwakheka kwee-asidi ze-organic. Impembelelo ebhubhisayo yee-asidi ekupakisheni. I-pH yokutya kwejusi yeziqhamoukupakishwa kwecuba lase-UK ngokubanzi ingaphantsi kwe-4.5. Iintsholongwane aziyi kukhula phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Ukuwohloka kwejusi yeziqhamo kubangelwa kakhulu yimvubelo kunye nokungunda. Kubushushu begumbi, iijusi eziluhlaza ziyawohloka ngenxa yokubiliswa okunxilisayo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba i-acidity yotywala kunye neziqhamo ibe ngenxa yokukhula kwemvubelo okanye ukungunda phezu komphezulu. Ukuthintela ukonakala, kufuneka ihlanjululwe ngoko nangoko ngobushushu obuphezulu.
Oko kukuthi, sebenzisa ipleyiti okanye ityhubhu yokutshintsha ubushushu ukuze ufudumale ijusi ukuya kwi-110°C uze uyigcine imizuzwana eli-15, okanye uhluze uze wongeze izithinteli zokuthintela ijusi or ithintela iziphumo ezonakalisayo zemvubelo. I-Vitamin C kwijusi ilahleka lula, ingakumbi kwizikhongozeli zesinyithi ezine-iron, copper okanye i-tin plating embi. Ngenxa yokubakho kwee-ion zesinyithi, i-vitamin C inyibilika lula. Ke ngoko, ukupheka ngokukhawuleza kunokunciphisa isiphumo se-ascorbic acid oxidase. , ukunciphisa impendulo ye-oxidase kunye nokukhusela i-vitamin C. Ukusebenzisa ukupakisha okungenamoya kunye nokukhusela ukukhanya kunye nokugcina kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi kuya kunciphisa ukulahleka kwe-vitamin C. Ukongeza inani elithile le-sulfite ngexesha lokugalela kukwanefuthe lokukhusela kwi-vitamin C. 2.
Uyilo lwesikhongozeli sokupakisha esinganyibilikiyo sejusi Ukutya kwejusi kususwa iintsholongwane ngoko nangoko xa kushushu kakhulu, emva koko ubushushu buncitshiswa bube ngama-20 ~ 30°C ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokungabi nantsholongwane. Ukupakisha ukutya kwejusi yeziqhamo ngendlela engacocisiyo yinkqubo yokupakisha ebeka ijusi engacocisiyo, izikhongozeli zokupakisha kunye nezinto ezincedisayo zokupakisha kwindawo engenantsholongwane, kwaye isebenzisa umatshini wokugcwalisa ongacocisiyo ukuyizalisa nokuyivala.
Izikhongozeli zokupakisha ezisetyenziswa ekupakisheni okungenatyhefu ziquka iikomityi, iibhokisi, iingxowa, iibhareli, njl.njl., kwaye izixhobo zokupakisha uninzi lwazo ziifilimu ezidityanisiweyo. Umgangatho weukupakishwa kwecuba lase-UK Iibhokisi ezenziwe ngeefilimu ezidityanisiweyo ziyi-8% kuphela yeebhotile zeglasi ezinomthamo ofanayo. Ayinaxabiso liphantsi nje kuphela, kodwa ikwavelisa inkunkuma encinci, nto leyo ekhuthaza ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo.
Ulwakhiwo kunye noyilo oluvulekayo lwebhokisi yokupakishwa kwe-aseptic kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 8-4. Izinto ezikwibhokisi yifilimu edityanisiweyo, eyenziwe ngamaleya amathandathu ezinto, ezizezi: i-polyethylene/iphepha/i-polyethylene/ifoyile ye-aluminiyam/i-polyethylene/i-polyethylene/i-polyethylene Composite Material, apho i-75% iyiphepha, i-20% yi-polyethylene, kwaye i-5% eseleyo yifoyile ye-aluminiyam.
Ukuprintwa kwemizobo, ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto, ukusika kunye nokuqhekeka kwephepha langaphandle lebhokisi yokupakisha konke kugcwaliswa ngabavelisi abaziingcali kwaye kuhanjiswe kumzi-mveliso wokupakisha kwimo yomqulu.Ukupakishwa kwecuba lase-UK Ikhathoni ethengiswayo inomthamo we-250mL, kwaye ubukhulu bayo buboniswe kuMfanekiso 8-4(b). Umgca oqinileyo kumfanekiso umele umgca wokusika we-contour, umgca onamachaphaza umele umgca wokugoba komphetho wangaphakathi, kwaye umgca onamachaphaza umele umgca wokugoba komphetho wangaphandle. Umqulu wezinto zokupakisha othuthwa uye kumzi-mveliso wokupakisha unobubanzi obumalunga ne-800mm kunye nobude obumalunga ne-800m. Iikhathoni zokupakisha ezingasetyhiliyo ezimalunga ne-5,000 ezimile okwezitena ezingama-250m zinokuveliswa.
Amayeza yimpahla ekhethekileyo echaphazela ubomi bomntu kunye nokhuseleko, ngoko ke kufuneka aveliswe ngomgangatho ophezulu ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwawo. Ukhuseleko lusemgangathweni. I-Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) yamayeza enziwe yi-World Health Organisation (W0) kukuphumeza ulawulo olupheleleyo lomgangatho kwinkqubo yokwenziwa kwamayeza, njengokulawula izinto eziluhlaza, ubungakanani kunye nokuhanjiswa kokugqibela, kubandakanya neenkqubo zokusebenza zokupakisha zeefektri zamayeza. Kukho imigaqo ecacileyo ngendawo, abasebenzi ababandakanyekayo ekupakisheni kunyeicuba lase-UKukupakisha Izikhongozeli, izinto zokupakisha, izixhobo zokupakisha, iimpawu zokupakisha, njl. Iimfuneko ezingqongqo zabekwa phambili. Ngamafutshane, ukupakisha amayeza kufuneka kukhuseleke kwaye kuthembeke. Ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo. Kulula ukucutshungulwa. Khuthaza ukuthengisa, kube noqoqosho, kube lula ukuyisebenzisa, kudluliswe ulwazi kunye neminye imisebenzi.
1.Uicuba lika-k pukugoba iimfuno zamayeza ahlukeneyo.
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zamayeza, kwaye iimfuno zobugcisa zokupakisha ziquka 1) Impembelelo yezinto zangaphandle kwimilo yeebhotile zamayeza. Amayeza achaphazeleka kakhulu yimpembelelo yeemeko zomzimba, zeekhemikhali, zeentsholongwane kunye nemozulu. Umzekelo, emoyeni nakwi-noodle yokuxhomekeka. Kulula ukuyixuba nokubangela usulelo, kulula ukuyibola nokutshintsha umbala xa ivezwa ekukhanyeni, iyabola kwaye yonakale xa ivezwa kumswakama, kwaye kulula ukuyiguqula kwaye ithambise xa ivezwa kubushushu, nto leyo ebangela ukuba iyeza lilahlekelwe kukusebenza kwalo. Ngamanye amaxesha, endaweni yokunyanga isifo, inokubangela ukugula kwaye ibeke emngciphekweni ukhuseleko lobomi. Ngoko ke, nokuba imilo, isakhiwo, uyilo lokuhombisa kunye nokukhethwa kwezinto zokupakisha zokupakisha amayeza, into yokuqala ekufuneka iqwalaselwe kukusebenza kwayo okukhuselayo, oko kukuthi, ukugcina ukusebenza kakuhle kweyeza. Ixesha eliqhelekileyo lokusebenza kwamayeza yiminyaka emi-2, kwaye amanye anokufikelela kwiminyaka engaphezu kwemi-3. Ke ngoko, ukupakisha kufuneka kuqinisekise ukuba izithako zamayeza zizinzile ngexesha lokusebenza kwaye aziyi konakala. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zedosi zamayeza ziyawohloka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Amayeza aqinileyo afana neetafile kunye neempuphu ayachaphazeleka kukufuma. Xa ubushushu kunye nokufuma kutshintsha, imo kunye nomgangatho wazo ziya kutshintsha kancinci kancinci. Umzekelo, emva kokuba iipilisi ezifakwe iswekile zimanzi, umphezulu uya kunyibilika kwaye uya kuvela ngokuhamba kwexesha. Imifantu iya kunciphisa umxholo wezithako eziphambili zeyeza kwaye inciphise ukusebenza kwayo. Omnye umzekelo kukunamathela kwempuphu kunye neegranules emva kokuba zimanzi, nto leyo enciphisa ukusebenza kunye nomgangatho wamayeza. Ulwelo okanye iinaliti kunye namanye amayeza azichaphazeleki kukufuma, kodwa zichaphazeleka kukubola xa zidibana nomoya, nto leyo eya kutshintsha nezinto eziphambili zeyeza kwaye ibangele ukutshintsha kombala. Okanye imvula: Amanye amayeza angcoliswa lula ziibhaktheriya, isikhunta, kunye nefungi kwaye awonakale, alahlekelwa ngokupheleleyo kukusebenza kwawo kwaye abe ziimveliso ezingaphantsi.
Amayeza aqinileyo afana neearhente zokuthambisa aya kuthamba, okanye atshintshe umbala phantsi kotshintsho lobushushu kunye nokukhanya. 2 Iimfuno zokupakisha amayeza. Okokuqala, imeko yengqondo yesigulana kunye neemfuno kufuneka ziqwalaselwe, kwaye kufuneka kufakwe ulwazi olwaneleyo ukuze abathengi bakwazi ukuqonda izithako kunye nemvelaphi yokwenziwa kwamayeza, ukusebenza kwawo ngokuchanekileyo kwisifo, kunye nendlela yokuwathatha. Uyilo kufuneka lubonakalise ukhuseleko kunye nokuthenjwa kwaye kufuneka kube lula ukuyisebenzisa, ukuyiphatha kunye nokuyigcina. Kufuneka ikwathathwe njengelungele ukwenza upakisho lube ngokuzenzekelayo ukuphucula imveliso. Itheyibhile 8-6 ibonisa ukuhlelwa kweefom zedosi yamayeza kunye neefom zokupakisha ezisetyenziselwa ukubhekisa.
2. Uyilo lwezamayezaUkupakishwa kwecuba lase-UKimisebenzi yokukhusela.
Ngokusekelwe kwindawo yokujikeleza kwamayeza, njengobushushu, ukufuma, ioksijini, ukukhanya, njl.njl., kunye neempawu zeendlela zokulinganisa amayeza, iinkqubo zokupakisha ezifanelekileyo kunye nezixhobo kufuneka zikhethwe ukuze kuyilo lokukhusela ukupakisha. Kumayeza achaphazeleka lula kukufuma, kufuneka kusetyenziswe izixhobo zokupakisha ezingangeni kumswakama.
Ukusasazwa komswakama emhlabeni kuyatshintsha ngokwe-latitude. Ukusuka kwi-equator ukuya kufutshane ne-mid-latitudes (malunga ne-35°), ukufuma okunxulumeneyo kwehla ngokunyuka kwe-latitude. Xa utshintsha ukusuka kwi-latitude ephakathi ukuya kwi-latitude ephezulu, njengoko ubushushu busiya buncipha kancinci kancinci, ukufuma okunxulumeneyo kuyanda ngokunyuka kwe-latitude.
Indawo esemazantsi oMlambo iYangtze kwilizwe lam inomswakama ofanelekileyo, kunye nomswakama oqhelekileyo wonyaka we-70% ukuya kwi-80% kunye nomswakama opheleleyo we-1.6 ukuya kwi-2.4kPa; inani eliqokelelweyo lomswakama wonyaka ongaphezulu kwe-80% libandakanya i-50% yeeyure zonyaka zizonke. Iiyure ezinomswakama we-90% zingaphezulu kwe-25% yonyaka. Umswakama oqhelekileyo wonyaka kwiYellow River Basin yi-70%, kwaye umswakama opheleleyo yi-1.2kPa; eMntla-mpuma weTshayina.
Umswakama oqhelekileyo wonyaka kule ndawo yi-70%, kwaye umswakama opheleleyo yi-0.8kPa kuphela.
Ixesha leposi: Juni-05-2024