Icandelo lokuqala lithetha ukupakisha
1. Inkcazelo yokupakisha
Kwimigangatho yesizwe yaseTshayina i-GB/T41221-1996, inkcazo yokupakisha yile: igama lilonke lezikhongozeli, izixhobo kunye nezinto ezincedisayo ezisetyenziswa ngokweendlela ezithile zobugcisa ukukhusela iimveliso kwinkqubo yokujikeleza, ukwenza lula ukugcinwa nokuthuthwa, kunye nokukhuthaza ukuthengiswa. Ikwabhekisa kwimisebenzi yokusebenza apho iindlela ezithile zobugcisa zisetyenziswa khona kwinkqubo yokusebenzisa izikhongozeli, izixhobo kunye nezixhobo ezincedisayo ukuze kufezekiswe ezi njongo zingasentla.
Qonda intsingiselo yokupakisha imveliso, kuquka iinkalo ezimbini zentsingiselo: kwelinye icala libhekisa kwisikhongozeli esinemveliso, esidla ngokubizwa ngokuba kukupakisha, njengeengxowa, iibhokisi, iibhakethi, iingobozi, iibhotile, njl.njl.; Kwelinye icala, libhekisa kwinkqubo yokupakisha iimveliso, njengokupakisha, ukupakisha, njl.njl.
Ukupakisha imveliso kuneempawu ezimbini, njengokuthobela kunye nempahla. Ukupakisha sisixhobo sokongeza kwizinto ezikuyo; Ukupakisha kuyancedisaNjengebhokisi yesibambi secuba, ibhokisi yecuba, ibhokisi yecuba engenanto, ibhokisi yecuba engenanto, isikoiibhokisi ezisongwayo ngaphambi kokuba ziqengqeleke,ngokwesikoiibhokisi ezisongwayo ngaphambi kokuba ziqengqeleke, yimveliso ethengiswayo eshushu.
Iimveliso ezikhethekileyo kwimixholo, ezinexabiso kunye nexabiso lokusetyenziswa; Kwangaxeshanye, ikwayindlela ebalulekileyo yokuqonda ixabiso leemveliso zangaphakathi kunye nexabiso lokusetyenziswa.
Ukuveliswa kwephakheji
Ngokwesiqhelo kukholelwa ukuba ukupakisha kudla ngokunxulunyaniswa neemveliso kwaye yindlela ebalulekileyo yokufumana ixabiso lemveliso kunye nexabiso lokusetyenziswa. Ke ngoko, ukuveliswa kokupakisha kufuneka kubalwe ukususela ekuqaleni kokutshintshiselana kweemveliso kuluntu. Kwangaxeshanye, ukwenziwa kokupakisha kukwanxulumene kakhulu nophuhliso lokujikeleza kwemveliso. Ukwenziwa kokupakisha kunokwahlulwahlulwa kube ngamanqanaba amathathu.
1. Inqanaba eliphambili lokupakisha
Kwinqanaba lokuqala lophuhliso lwemveliso, emva kokuvela kokutshintshiselana kwemveliso, ukuqinisekisa ukujikeleziswa kweemveliso, imfuneko yokuqala kukuthuthwa nokugcinwa kwemveliso, oko kukuthi, imveliso yokumelana nokudluliselwa kwendawo kunye nokuhamba kwexesha. Ngale ndlela, ukupakishwa kuye kwaphuhliswa ukubonelela ngokhuseleko lweemveliso. Ngeli xesha, ukupakishwa kudla ngokubhekisa ekupakishweni okuphambili, oko kukuthi, ukugqiba umsebenzi wokupakisha okuncinci kokuthutha, kusetyenziswa izikhongozeli zokupakisha eziphambili ezifana neebhokisi, iibhakethi, iibhasikithi, kunye neebhasikithi. Ekubeni kungekho phakheji incinci, imveliso kufuneka isasazwe kwiindawo zokuthengisa.
2. Inqanaba lophuhliso lokupakisha
Kule nqanaba, akukho kuphela ukupakishwa kwezothutho, kodwa kunye nokupakishwa okuncinci okudlala indima ekuhambiseni ubuhle. Ngophuhliso loqoqosho lweempahla, kukho iimveliso ezininzi ngakumbi, kwaye amashishini ahlukeneyo avelisa iimveliso zomgangatho owahlukileyo kunye nemibala eyahlukeneyo. Ekuqaleni, abavelisi basebenzisa iimpawu zemveliso ukwahlula iimveliso zamashishini, baze kancinci kancinci basebenzise ukupakishwa okuncinci ukuhambisa olu lwazi. Ngokhuphiswano olukhulu lwemarike, ukupakishwa okuncinci kudlala indima yokuhombisa nokukhuthaza iimveliso. Ngeli xesha, ukupakishwa kwezothutho kusadlala indima yokukhusela, ngelixa ukupakishwa okuncinci kudlala indima yokwahlula iimveliso, ukuhombisa nokukhuthaza iimveliso. Ngenxa yephakheji encinci, imveliso akufuneki isasazwe kwiindawo zokuthengisa, kodwa imveliso isadinga ukwaziswa kwaye ikhuthazwe ngumthengisi.
Ukuvela kwentengiso yeevenkile ezinkulu kunyuse ukupakisha kwinqanaba eliphezulu lophuhliso. 3. Ukupakisha ukuthengisa kube linqanaba lomthengisi othuleyo wemveliso ukuya kwicala lokutshintsha kokupakisha ukuthengisa, ukupakisha ukuthengisa kube yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yemveliso, kube yindlela ebalulekileyo yokufuna ukuthambisa okongeziweyo, ukupakisha ukuthengisa kwimveliso yokuthengisa nokusetyenziswa kwendima nako kuyakhula. Kwangaxeshanye, ukupakisha ukuthutha kuphuhlisiwe ukusuka ekukhuselekeni okulula ukuya kwicala lendlela yokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokuphatha ukuthutha.
Uphuhliso lokupakisha okwangoku ludla ngokubizwa ngokuba lupakisho lwanamhlanje. Kwimveliso yeemveliso zanamhlanje, ukuxhomekeka kweemveliso ekupakisheni kuya kucaca ngakumbi nangakumbi, kuyo yonke imveliso, ukujikeleza, ukuthengisa kwanokusetyenziswa kweemveliso kufuna isincedisi - ukungabikho kokupakisha kunzima ukwenza isangqa esihle semveliso yoluntu. Ke ngoko, nangona iintlobo ngeentlobo zokupakisha zanamhlanje zisanda, umsebenzi unyusa umlinganiselo wokunyuka kweendleko, ukupakisha kusesisincedisi semveliso yangaphakathi, kwaye uphuhliso lokupakisha luya kuthintelwa yimveliso, iimpawu zemveliso yangaphakathi kunye notshintsho lwayo yeyona nto iphambili echaphazela uphuhliso lokupakisha. Ukongeza, ukuthengiswa kokupakisha ngokwako kuya kucaca ngakumbi kwimveliso yanamhlanje. Oku kubonisa ukuba ukupakisha kuye kwaphuhliswa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, nangona ukuxhomekeka kweemveliso ekupakisheni kuye kwanda, ukuxhomekeka kokuveliswa kokupakisha kwimveliso kuye kwehla, kwaye ukuzimela kwayo kuye kwanda.
Okwangoku, imveliso yokupakisha ibe yenye yeendawo ezibalulekileyo zoshishino. Phakathi kwamashishini amakhulu angama-40 kweli lizwe, ishishini lokupakisha likwindawo ye-12. Ukupakisha, njengezinye iimveliso zomsebenzi ezifunekayo kuluntu, kunohlobo lwempahla kwaye kube yinto yorhwebo phakathi kwamasebe. Ingcamango yokupakisha yanamhlanje ibonisa uhlobo lwempahla, iindlela kunye nomsebenzi wemveliso wokupakisha. Ixabiso lokupakisha lifakiwe kwixabiso lemveliso, elingahlawulwanga kuphela xa imveliso ithengiswa, kodwa liphinde lihlawulwe kakhulu ngenxa yezizathu zokubonelela ngemarike kunye nemfuno. Ukupakisha okusemgangathweni ophezulu kunokuzisa iingenelo ezinkulu zoqoqosho. Ukupakisha yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yemveliso yemveliso, uninzi lweemveliso luvela emva kokupakisha, ukuze lugqibezele inkqubo yalo yemveliso, ukuze lungene kwicandelo lokujikeleza nokusetyenziswa. Kwicandelo lobunjineli bokupakisha, ngokubanzi, imveliso kunye nokupakisha kunokwenza imveliso ekhuphisanayo. Ukupakisha kusekelwe kwinani elithile leemveliso, iimpawu, iifom kunye neemeko zokugcina kunye nezothutho kunye neemfuno zokuthengisa, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezithile zokupakisha kunye neendlela zobugcisa, ngokweemfuno zoyilo ukwenza indibaniselwano yokumodela kunye nokuhombisa iqumrhu, kunye neempawu ezimbini zobugcisa kunye netekhnoloji, kunye nemilo, umthamo, inqanaba, ukuthembeka kunye nezinye iimpawu. Ngokwembono yokwakheka komzimba, naluphi na upakisho, kufuneka lusebenzise izixhobo ezithile zokupakisha, ngokusebenzisa iteknoloji ethile yokupakisha, lube nolwakhiwo lwalo olwahlukileyo, imilo kunye nokuhombisa. Ke ngoko, izixhobo zokupakisha, iindlela zokupakisha, imodeli yesakhiwo sokupakisha kunye nomthwalo womphezulu zizinto ezine ezenza into yokupakisha. Izinto zokupakisha zisisiseko sezinto zokupakisha, zizinto ezithwala izinto zomsebenzi wokupakisha. Iteknoloji yokupakisha sisitshixo sokufezekisa umsebenzi wokukhusela ukupakisha kunye nokuqinisekisa umgangatho weemveliso zangaphakathi. Imodeli yesakhiwo sokupakisha yindlela ethile yezinto zokupakisha kunye neteknoloji yokupakisha. Ukuhombisa ukupakisha kukudibana kwezinto ezine ngobuhle bomfanekiso kunye nombhalo, ukukhuthazwa kunye nokwaziswa kweendlela eziphambili zemveliso, imfuneko yoyilo olugqibeleleyo ukugqitywa, ngale ndlela kuphela enokwenza iimfuno zemarike zento yokupakisha.
Okwesithathu, umsebenzi wokupakisha
Umsebenzi wokupakisha ubonakala kakhulu kwezi zinto zilandelayo
1. Khusela imveliso
Ukukhusela imveliso ngomnye wemisebenzi ebalulekileyo yokupakisha. Iimveliso kwinkqubo yokujikeleza kwegazi, zinokuchaphazeleka ziinkalo ezahlukeneyo zangaphandle, nto leyo ebangela ungcoliseko lwemveliso, umonakalo, ukuvuza okanye ukonakala, ukuze iimveliso zinciphise okanye zilahlekelwe lixabiso lokusetyenziswa. Ukupakisha okungokwenzululwazi nokufanelekileyo kunokwenza imveliso imelane nomonakalo wezinto ezahlukeneyo zangaphandle, ukuze kukhuselwe ukusebenza kwemveliso kwaye kuqinisekiswe umgangatho kunye nobungakanani bemveliso.Enjaloisixhobo sokutshiza umsi,ibhokisi yecuba,ibhokisi edibeneyo,ibhokisi yecuba.
2. Yenza kube lula ukujikeleza kwemveliso
Ukupakishwa kubonelela ngeemeko ezisisiseko kunye nokulula kokujikeleza kweemveliso. Imveliso ipakishwa ngokweenkcazo ezithile, imo, ubungakanani, ubungakanani kunye nezikhongozeli ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ingaphandle lephakheji lidla ngokuprintwa ngeempawu ezahlukeneyo, ezibonisa iinkcukacha zegama lemveliso epakishiweyo, ubungakanani, umbala kunye nobunzima bokupakisha obupheleleyo, ubunzima obupheleleyo, umthamo, igama lefektri, idilesi yefektri kunye namanyathelo okhuseleko ekugcinweni nasekuthuthweni, okulungele ukwabiwa kweemveliso, ukubalwa nokubalwa. Ikwalungele ukusetyenziswa ngengqiqo kweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuthutha nokugcina, ukuphucula ukulayisha nokukhulula, ukuthutha, ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-stacking kunye neziphumo zokugcina nokuthutha, ukukhawulezisa ukuhamba kweemveliso, kunye nokuphucula iingenelo zoqoqosho zokujikeleza kweemveliso.
3. Ukukhuthaza nokwandisa ukuthengiswa kwemveliso Ukupakisha imveliso okucwangciswe kakuhle kunokudlala indima ekukhuthazeni iimveliso, ukuhombisa iimveliso nokukhuthaza ukuthengiswa. Ukupakisha akunakuphucula kuphela ukhuphiswano lwemarike lweemveliso, kodwa kukwatsala abathengi ngobuhle bayo obutsha nobukhethekileyo bobugcisa, ukukhokela ukusetyenziswa, ukuba yinto ephambili ekukhuthazeni ukuthengwa kwabathengi, ngumthengisi othuleyo weemveliso. Ukupakisha okusemgangathweni ophezulu kubaluleke kakhulu ekuphuculeni amandla okhuphiswano lweemveliso ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, ukwandisa ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kunye nokukhuthaza uphuhliso lorhwebo lwangaphandle.
4. Kulula ukuba abathengi bayisebenzise
Ukupakisha okuthengisiweyo ngeemveliso ezahlukeneyo, iintlobo ngeentlobo, ubungakanani bephakheji bufanelekile, kulula ukuba abathengi bayisebenzise, bayigcine kwaye bayiphathe. Umzobo, uphawu lwentengiso kunye nenkcazo yombhalo kwiphakheji kulula ukuba abathengi bayichonge, kwaye ikwazisa uhlobo kunye nokwakheka kwemveliso, ukusetyenziswa, ukusetyenziswa kunye neendlela zokugcina, ezidlala indima elula nekhokelayo ekusetyenzisweni.
5. Gcina imali
Ukupakishwa kunxulumene kakhulu neendleko zemveliso. Ukupakishwa okufanelekileyo kunokwenza iimveliso ezisasazekileyo zihlanganiswe kwiifom ezithile, ngaloo ndlela kuphucule kakhulu umthamo wokulayisha kunye nokuthuthwa okulula kokulayisha nokukhupha, kunokonga iindleko zothutho, iindleko zokugcina kunye nezinye iindleko. Ezinye izikhongozeli zokupakisha zinokuphinda zisetyenziswe amaxesha amaninzi, zisindise imveliso yezinto zokupakisha kunye nezikhongozeli zokupakisha, nto leyo enceda ekunciphiseni iindleko kunye nokuphucula iingenelo zoqoqosho.
Ngamafutshane, imisebenzi esisiseko yokupakisha imveliso kufuneka ibe yile: umsebenzi wokukhusela, umsebenzi wokwenza kube lula, umsebenzi wokukhuthaza kunye nomsebenzi wokubonisa.
Okwesine, ukwakheka kwephakheji
Inkcazo yokupakisha: Ukupakisha kubhekisa ekwakhiweni kwemveliso emva kokupakisha, oko kukuthi, igama eliqhelekileyo lokupakisha kunye neemveliso. Ngokwesiqhelo yenziwe ngamacandelo amathathu: imveliso, ukupakisha kwangaphakathi kunye nokupakisha kwangaphandle.
Izinto zokupakisha eziqhelekileyo ziquka iindawo ezisi-8, ezizezi: iindawo zokuthintela, iindawo ezizinzileyo, iindawo zokuphatha, iindawo ze-buffer, iindawo zokukhusela umphezulu, iindawo ezichasene nokubola, iindawo zokuvala kunye nomphezulu wokubonisa. Ukupakisha okuqhelekileyo akuthethi ukuba kuquka zonke ezi zinto zingasentla.
Ezintlanu, iimfuno ezisisiseko zokupakisha
Nceda isitalato, isosi yokuhombisa iminwe ethuleyo, mama othandekayo
1. Ukuze ihambelane neempawu zemveliso, ukupakishwa kwemveliso kufuneka kusekelwe kwiimpawu zemveliso, kusetyenziswa izixhobo kunye netekhnoloji ehambelanayo, ukuze ukupakishwa kuhlangabezane ngokupheleleyo neemfuno zeempawu zomzimba nezekhemikhali zemveliso.
2. Ziqhelanise neemeko zokujikeleza kwegazi
Ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwemveliso kuyo yonke inkqubo yokujikeleza, ukupakisha imveliso kufuneka kube namandla athile, ukuqina, ukuqina kunye neempawu ezihlala ixesha elide. Kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuthutha kunye neendlela zokuthutha, izikhongozeli zokupakisha ezifanelekileyo kunye nonyango lobuchwephesha nazo kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngokukhetha. Ngamafutshane, ukupakisha konke kufuneka kuhambelane neemeko zokugcina kunye nokuthuthwa kunye neemfuno zamandla kwicandelo lokujikeleza.
3, ukupakisha kufanele kube kulungele kwaye kube phakathi
Kwiphakheji yokuthengisa, ubungakanani besikhongozeli sokupakisha kunye nemveliso yangaphakathi kufuneka ifaneleke, kwaye iindleko zokupakisha mazihambelane neemfuno zokwenyani zemveliso yangaphakathi. Ukugcina indawo eninzi kakhulu kunye neendleko zokupakisha ezibangela inxalenye ephezulu kakhulu yexabiso lilonke lemveliso kuyingozi kubathengi.
Ukupakisha imveliso kufuneka kube semgangathweni, kwaye ubunzima bokupakisha, iinkcukacha kunye nobukhulu, imodeli yesakhiwo, izixhobo zokupakisha, amagama, iimpawu zokuprinta, iindlela zokupakisha, njl. zokupakisha imveliso kufuneka zihlanganiswe, kwaye kancinci kancinci kwenziwe uthotho kunye nokwenziwa ngokubanzi ukuze 4. Ukumisela umgangatho kulungele ukuveliswa kwezikhongozeli zokupakisha, kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso yokupakisha, kwenziwe lula iinkcukacha zezikhongozeli zokupakisha, kuncitshiswe iindleko, kongiwe izinto ezikrwada, kube lula ukuchongwa kunye nokulinganiswa, kwaye kuncede ekuqinisekiseni umgangatho wokupakisha imveliso kunye nokhuseleko lwemveliso.
Iingenelo, ukusetyenziswa okulahlekisayo "kokupakisha okugqithisileyo".
Iimfuneko zokhuseleko oluluhlaza nolwendalo ekupakisheni imveliso zinentsingiselo ezimbini: Okokuqala, ukukhethwa kwezikhongozeli zokupakisha, izixhobo, iteknoloji 5. Ukupakisha imveliso kufuneka kube luhlaza kwaye ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo ngokwalo kufuneka lukhuseleke kwaye lucoceke kwimveliso nakumthengi. Okwesibini, iindlela zokupakisha kunye nezikhongozeli zezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo zikhuselekile kwaye ziluhlaza kwindalo. Ekukhetheni izixhobo zokupakisha kunye nemveliso, kufuneka silandele imigaqo yophuhliso oluzinzileyo, ukonga amandla, ukusetyenziswa okuphantsi, ukusebenza okuphezulu, ukuthintela ungcoliseko, ukuphinda kusetyenziswe ngokuzinzileyo, okanye ukonakala okukhuselekileyo emva kwenkunkuma.
6. Iimfuno zobugcisa zokupakisha
1. Ingcamango yetekhnoloji yokupakisha Itekhnoloji yokupakisha imveliso ibhekisa kumanyathelo obuchwephesha athatyathiweyo ukumelana nezinto zangaphakathi nezangaphandle ezichaphazela umgangatho ukuze kuthintelwe ukulahleka kobungakanani kunye notshintsho lomgangatho kwicandelo lokujikeleziswa kwemveliso, okwaziwa ngokuba ziindlela zokukhusela ukupakisha imveliso. 2. Iimfuno zetekhnoloji yokupakisha imveliso.
Izinto zangaphakathi nezangaphandle ezichaphazela utshintsho lomgangatho wemveliso zahlulwe zibe zezomzimba, iikhemikhali, zebhayoloji nezinye izinto. Itekhnoloji yokukhusela ukupakishwa kwemveliso ngamanyathelo athile okuthintela athatyathwe kwezi zinto zangaphakathi nezangaphandle ezichaphazela umgangatho wemveliso.
7. Umgangatho wemveliso kunye nokupakishwa kwayo
Njengoko intetho isithi: “Iintyatyambo ezibomvu zilungile, kodwa namagqabi aluhlaza ayaxhasa.” Umgangatho wemveliso kunye nokupakishwa kwayo, njengomgangatho weemveliso ze-safflower kunye namagqabi aluhlaza ngokuqinisekileyo zibalulekile, abantu abafanelekanga ukuthenga ukupakishwa ukuze bathenge iimveliso.
“Kodwa ukupakisha akufuneki kutyeshelwe. Ukupakisha okuhle akunakukhusela nje kuphela imveliso, kulula ukuyithengisa nokuyiphatha, kuyihombise imveliso ukuze inyuse ixabiso, ivuse umnqweno wabathengi wokuthenga, kodwa ikwadlala indima yomthengisi othuleyo. Uyilo oluhle lwenkqubo yokupakisha aluphuculi nje kuphela ixabiso elongezelelweyo leemveliso, kodwa lukwayindlela yobugcisa. Xa umgangatho wemveliso ungowodidi oluphezulu, kodwa ukupakisha kungalunganga, kuya kubangela ukuthengiswa okucothayo, ngeli xesha, ukupakisha kwemveliso kuya kunyuka kube yinto ephambili. Umzekelo, iTshayina yayisakuthumela iibhotile ezincinci zebhiya yaseQingdao eMelika, izinto eziluhlaza kunye nenkqubo zikumgangatho ophezulu, umbala wewayini ucacile, igwebu lilungile kwaye licocekile, kwaye umlomo uthambile kwaye ibhiya yasemzini eyi-100 xa ithelekiswa, ayingaphantsi. Kodwa umgangatho weebhotile zebhiya yaseTsingtao uqhelekile. Ngenxa yoko, kuye kwacotha ukuvula imakethi ebanzi. Amanye amaTshayina aphesheya e-US afuna ukuba iTsingtao inikwe impahla entsha efanelekileyo.
Nangona kunjalo, ngokuqonda ukubaluleka kokupakisha, ezinye iinkampani zisebenzisa ukupakisha ukufihla umgangatho ophantsi weemveliso. Abayili bokupakisha kufuneka baphephe zombini ezi zinto zigqithisileyo.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Agasti-28-2023