Icandelo lokuqala lithetha ukupakishwa

Icandelo lokuqala lithetha ukupakishwa

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1. Inkcazo yokupakisha

Kumgangatho wesizwe waseTshayina we-GB/T41221-1996, inkcazo yokupakishwa yile: igama lilonke leekhonteyina, izixhobo kunye nezinto ezincedisayo ezisetyenziswa ngokweendlela ezithile zobugcisa ukuze kukhuselwe iimveliso kwinkqubo yokujikeleza, ukuququzelela ukugcinwa kunye nokuthutha, kunye nokukhuthaza. iintengiso. Ikwabhekiselele kwimisebenzi yokusebenza apho iindlela ezithile zobugcisa zisetyenziswa kwinkqubo yokusebenzisa izitya, izixhobo kunye nabancedisi ukwenzela ukufezekisa iinjongo ezingentla.

Qonda intsingiselo yokupakishwa kwemveliso, kubandakanywa imiba emibini yentsingiselo: kwelinye icala ibhekisa kwisikhongozeli esinemveliso, esidla ngokubizwa ngokuba sisingxobo, esifana neengxowa, iibhokisi, iiemele, iingobozi, iibhotile, njl.; Ngakolunye uhlangothi, libhekisela kwinkqubo yokupakisha iimveliso, ezifana nokupakisha, ukupakisha, njl.

Ukupakishwa kwemveliso kuneempawu ezimbini, ezifana nokuzithoba kunye nempahla yorhwebo. Ukupakishwa yisincedisi kwimixholo yayo; Ukupakisha kuyancedisa.Njengebhokisi yesigarethi, ibhokisi yebhokisi yecuba,ibhokisi yecuba engenanto,ibhokisi yecuba engenanto,isiko.iibhokisi zangaphambili,isikoiibhokisi zangaphambili, kushushu imveliso yokuthengisa.

Iimveliso ezikhethekileyo kwimixholo, enexabiso kunye nexabiso lokusebenzisa; Ngexesha elifanayo, kukwayindlela ebalulekileyo yokuqonda ixabiso leemveliso zangaphakathi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwexabiso.

Isizukulwana sokupakisha

Ngokuqhelekileyo kukholelwa ukuba ukupakishwa ngokuqhelekileyo kunxulunyaniswa neemveliso kwaye yindlela ebalulekileyo yokufikelela kwixabiso lemveliso kunye nexabiso lokusetyenziswa. Ngoko ke, ukuveliswa kokupakishwa kufuneka kubalwe ukususela ekuqaleni kokutshintshiselwa kweemveliso kuluntu lwabantu. Ngelo xesha, ukubunjwa kokupakisha kuhambelana ngokusondeleyo nophuhliso lokujikeleza kwemveliso. Ukuqulunqwa kokupakishwa kunokwahlulwa ngokwezigaba ezintathu.

1. Inqanaba lokupakisha eliphambili

Kwinqanaba lokuqala lophuhliso lwemveliso yemveliso, emva kokuvela kotshintshiselwano lwemveliso, ukwenzela ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukujikelezwa kweemveliso, imfuno yokuqala kukuthutha imveliso kunye nokugcinwa, oko kukuthi, imveliso ukumelana nokudluliselwa kwendawo kunye nokuhamba. ixesha. Ngale ndlela, ukupakishwa kuye kwaphuhliswa ukubonelela ngokhuseleko lweemveliso. Ngeli xesha, ukupakishwa ngokuqhelekileyo kubhekisela ekupakishweni okuphambili, oko kukuthi, ukugqiba umsebenzi wokupakisha inxalenye yezothutho, usebenzisa izitya zokupakisha eziphambili ezifana neebhokisi, iibhakethi, iibhasikithi kunye neebhasikithi. Ekubeni akukho phakheji encinci, imveliso kufuneka ihanjiswe kwintengiso.

2. Inqanaba lophuhliso lokupakishwa

Kweli nqanaba, akukho ukupakishwa kwezothutho kuphela, kodwa kunye nokupakishwa okuncinci okudlala indima ekuhambiseni ubuhle. Ngophuhliso loqoqosho lwempahla, kukho iimveliso ezingakumbi nangakumbi, kwaye amashishini ahlukeneyo avelisa iimveliso ezikumgangatho ohlukeneyo kunye nemibala eyahlukeneyo. Ekuqaleni, abavelisi basebenzisa iimpawu zemveliso ukwahlula iimveliso zamashishini, kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe basebenzise ukupakishwa okuncinci ukuhambisa olu lwazi. Ngokhuphiswano oluqatha lwemarike, ukupakishwa okuncinci emva koko kudlala indima yokuhombisa kunye nokukhuthaza iimveliso. Ngeli xesha, ukupakishwa kwezothutho kusadlala indima yokukhusela, ngelixa ukupakishwa okuncinci kudlala indima yokwahlula iimveliso, ukuhombisa kunye nokukhuthaza iimveliso. Ngenxa yephakheji encinci, imveliso ayidingeki ukuba ihanjiswe kwintengiso, kodwa imveliso isafuna ukuqaliswa kwaye ikhuthazwe ngumthengisi.

Ukuvela kokuthengiswa kweevenkile ezinkulu kutyhalele ukupakishwa kwinqanaba eliphezulu lophuhliso. 3. Ukupakishwa kwentengiso kuye kwaba yinqanaba lomthengisi othuleyo wemveliso ukuya kwicala lenguqu yokupakisha yokuthengisa, ukupakishwa kwentengiso kuye kwaba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yemveliso, ibe yindlela ebalulekileyo yokufuna ukuthambisa okongeziweyo, ukupakishwa kwentengiso kwimveliso yokuthengisa. kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwindima nako kuyakhula. Ngelo xesha, ukupakishwa kwezothutho kuye kwaphuhliswa ukusuka kukhuseleko olulula ukuya kwindlela yokuphucula indlela yokuphatha ukuthutha.

Uphuhliso lokupakisha ukuya kwinqanaba langoku ludla ngokubizwa ngokuba yipakethe yanamhlanje. Kwimveliso yeemveliso zanamhlanje, ukuxhomekeka kweemveliso ekupakishweni kuya kucaca ngakumbi nangakumbi, kuyo yonke imveliso, ukusasazwa, ukuthengisa kunye neendawo zokusetyenziswa zifuna i-accessory - ukungabikho kokupakisha kunzima ukwenza isangqa esilungileyo semveliso yentlalo. . Ngoko ke, nangona iindidi zokupakisha zanamhlanje zinyuka, umsebenzi unyusa umlinganiselo wokunyuka kweendleko, ukupakishwa kuseyinto yokuncedisa kwimveliso yangaphakathi, kwaye uphuhliso lokupakisha luya kuthintelwa yimveliso, iimpawu zemveliso yangaphakathi kunye nokutshintsha kwayo. ngowona mba usisiseko uchaphazela uphuhliso lokupakishwa. Ukongezelela, ukuthengiswa kokupakisha ngokwawo kuya kubonakala ngakumbi nangakumbi kwimveliso yemveliso yanamhlanje. Oku kubonisa ukuba ukupakishwa kuye kwaphuhliswa kude kube ngoku, nangona ukuxhomekeka kweemveliso kwiipakethe kuye kwanda, ukuxhomekeka kwemveliso yokupakisha kwimveliso yemveliso kuye kwehla, kwaye ukuzimela kwayo kwanda.

Okwangoku, ukuveliswa kokupakisha kuye kwaba lelinye lamacandelo abalulekileyo oshishino. Phakathi kwamashishini amakhulu angama-40 kweli lizwe, ishishini lokupakisha likwindawo ye-12. Ukupakishwa, njengezinye iimveliso zabasebenzi eziyimfuneko eluntwini, kunento yorhwebo kwaye iye yaba yinto yorhwebo phakathi kwamasebe. Ingqikelelo yokupakishwa kwale mihla ibonisa ubume bempahla yorhwebo, iindlela kunye nomsebenzi wokuvelisa wokupakishwa. Ixabiso lokupakishwa libandakanyiwe kwixabiso lemveliso, elingahlawulwanga kuphela xa imveliso ithengisiwe, kodwa iphinde ihlawule ngenxa yokubonelela ngeemarike kunye nezizathu zemfuno. Ukupakishwa komgangatho ophezulu kunokuzisa inzuzo enkulu kwezoqoqosho. Ukupakishwa yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yemveliso yemveliso, uninzi lweemveliso kuphela emva kokupakishwa, ukugqiba inkqubo yayo yokuvelisa, ukwenzela ukungena kwintsimi yokujikeleza kunye nokusetyenziswa. Kwintsimi yobunjineli bokupakisha, ukuthetha ngokubanzi, imveliso kunye nokupakishwa kunokwenza imveliso ekhuphisanayo. Ukupakishwa kusekelwe kwinani elithile leemveliso, iimpawu, iifom kunye nokugcinwa kunye neemeko zokuthutha kunye neemfuno zokuthengisa, ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezithile zokupakisha kunye neendlela zobugcisa, ngokweemfuno zoyilo ukwenza indibaniselwano yomzekelo kunye nokuhombisa iqumrhu, kunye iimpawu ezimbini zobugcisa kunye nobuchwepheshe, kunye nokumila, umthamo, inqanaba, imfezeko kunye nezinye iimpawu. Ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga ukubunjwa komzimba, nayiphi na ukupakisha, kufuneka kusetyenziswe izinto zokupakisha ezithile, ngokusebenzisa iteknoloji yokupakisha ethile yokuvelisa, banesakhiwo sabo esisodwa, imilo kunye nokuhlobisa imbonakalo. Ke ngoko, izinto zokupakisha, iindlela zokupakisha, ukupakishwa kobume bokupakisha kunye nokulayishwa komphezulu zizinto ezine ezenza iqumrhu lokupakisha. Izinto zokupakisha sisiseko sezinto zokupakisha, ngumthwalo wezinto eziphathekayo wokupakisha umsebenzi Iteknoloji yokupakisha isitshixo sokufezekisa umsebenzi wokukhusela ukupakisha kunye nokuqinisekisa umgangatho weemveliso zangaphakathi. Imodeli yesakhiwo sokupakisha yindlela ethile yokupakisha izinto kunye neteknoloji yokupakisha. Ukupakisha umhlobiso kukudityaniswa kwezinto ezine ngomfanekiso kunye nobuhle bombhalo, ukukhuthazwa kunye nokuqaliswa kweendlela eziphambili zemveliso, imfuno yoyilo olugqibeleleyo ukugqiba, ngale ndlela kuphela ingenza iimfuno zemarike yequmrhu lokupakisha.

Okwesithathu, umsebenzi wokupakisha

Umsebenzi wokupakisha ubonakaliswa ikakhulu kule miba ilandelayo

1. Khusela imveliso

Ukukhusela imveliso yenye yeyona misebenzi ibalulekileyo yokupakisha. Iimveliso kwinkqubo yokujikeleza, zinokuchaphazeleka kwizinto ezahlukeneyo zangaphandle, ezikhokelela ekungcolisekeni kwemveliso, umonakalo, ukuvuza okanye ukuwohloka, ukwenzela ukuba iimveliso zinciphise okanye zilahlekelwe ixabiso lokusetyenziswa. Ukupakishwa kwenzululwazi kunye nengqiqo kunokwenza imveliso ixhathise umonakalo wezinto ezahlukeneyo zangaphandle, ukwenzela ukukhusela ukusebenza kwemveliso kunye nokuqinisekisa umgangatho kunye nobuninzi bemveliso.Enjaloigrinder yomsi,ibhokisi yecuba,ibhokisi edityanisiweyo,ibhokisi yesiga.

2. Ukuququzelela ukujikeleza kwemveliso

Ukupakishwa kunika iimeko ezisisiseko kunye nokulula ukujikeleza kweemveliso. Imveliso ipakishwe ngokweenkcukacha ezithile, imilo, ubungakanani, ubungakanani kunye nezikhongozeli ezahlukeneyo, kwaye umphandle wepakethe uhlala uprintwa ngeempawu ezahlukeneyo, ezibonisa iinkcukacha zegama lemveliso epakishweyo, ubungakanani, umbala kunye nokupakishwa okupheleleyo. ubunzima obunetha, ubunzima obugqithisileyo, umthamo, igama lomzi-mveliso, idilesi yefektri kunye nezilumkiso zokugcina kunye nokuthutha, okuhambelana nokwabiwa kweemveliso, ukubala nokubala. Kwakhona kulungelelaniso lokusetyenziswa kweendlela ezahlukeneyo zothutho kunye nokugcinwa, ukuphucula ukulayishwa kunye nokukhulula, ukuthutha, ukupakisha ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokugcinwa kunye nemiphumo yokuthutha, ukukhawuleza ukuhamba kweemveliso, kunye nokuphucula inzuzo yezoqoqosho yokujikeleza kwemveliso.

3. Khuthaza kwaye wandise ukuthengiswa kweemveliso Ukupakishwa kwemveliso eyilwe kakuhle kunokudlala indima ekukhuthazeni iimveliso, ukuhombisa iimveliso kunye nokukhuthaza ukuthengisa. Ukupakishwa akunakuphucula kuphela ukukhuphisana kwemarike yeemveliso, kodwa kwakhona kutsala abathengi kunye neveli kunye nomtsalane wobugcisa obukhethekileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwesikhokelo, kuba yinto ehamba phambili yokukhuthaza ukuthengwa kwabathengi, ngumthengisi othe cwaka weemveliso. Ukupakishwa komgangatho ophezulu kubaluleke kakhulu ekuphuculeni amandla okhuphiswano lweemveliso ezithunyelwa ngaphandle, ukwandisa ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kumazwe angaphandle kunye nokukhuthaza uphuhliso lorhwebo lwangaphandle.

4. Ilungele ukusetyenziswa kwabathengi

Ukupakishwa kweentengiso ngeemveliso ezahlukeneyo, iifom ezahlukeneyo, ubungakanani bepakethi bufanelekile, kulula kubathengi ukuba basebenzise, ​​bagcine kwaye baphathe. Umzobo, uphawu lokuthengisa kunye nenkcazo yombhalo kwiphakheji ilungele abathengi ukuba bachonge, kwaye bazise ubunjani kunye nokubunjwa kwemveliso, ukusetyenziswa, ukusetyenziswa kunye neendlela zokugcina, ezidlala indima efanelekileyo kunye nesikhokelo ekusebenziseni.

5. Yonga imali

Ukupakishwa kunxulumene ngokusondeleyo neendleko zemveliso. Ukupakishwa okunengqiqo kunokwenza iimveliso ezihlakazekileyo zihlanganiswe kwinani elithile leefom, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe kakhulu umthamo wokulayisha kunye nokulayishwa okufanelekileyo kunye nokukhulula ukuthutha, kunokugcina iindleko zokuthutha, iindleko zokugcina kunye nezinye iindleko. Ezinye izikhongozeli zokupakisha zinokuphinda zisetyenziswe amatyeli amaninzi, okonga ukuveliswa kwezinto zokupakisha kunye nezikhongozeli zokupakisha, nto leyo enceda ekunciphiseni iindleko nokuphucula izibonelelo zoqoqosho.

Ngamafutshane, imisebenzi esisiseko yokupakishwa kwemveliso kufuneka ibe: umsebenzi wokukhusela, umsebenzi wokulungelelaniswa, ukukhuthazwa kunye nomsebenzi wokubonisa.

Okwesine, ukubunjwa kwephakheji

Inkcazo yokupakisha: Ukupakishwa kubhekisela ekubunjweni okupheleleyo kwemveliso emva kokupakishwa, oko kukuthi, ixesha eliqhelekileyo lokupakisha kunye neemveliso. Ngokuqhelekileyo iqulunqwe ngamacandelo amathathu: imveliso, ukupakishwa kwangaphakathi kunye nokupakishwa kwangaphandle.

Amacandelo okupakisha aqhelekileyo aquka iinxalenye ezisi-8, ezizezi: iindawo zokuqulatha, iindawo ezizinzileyo, iindawo zokuphatha, iindawo ezisikhuselayo, iindawo ezikhusela umphezulu, iindawo ezichasene nokuwohloka, iindawo zokutywina kunye nomphezulu wokubonisa. Ukupakishwa okuqhelekileyo akuquki konke oku kungasentla.

Isihlanu, iimfuno ezisisiseko zokupakisha

Nceda isitrato, cwaka umnwe umhombiso isosi uthando umama

1. Ukulungelelanisa kwiimpawu zemveliso, ukupakishwa kwemveliso kufuneka kusekelwe kwiimpawu zemveliso, ngokulandelelana usebenzisa izinto ezihambelanayo kunye neteknoloji, ukwenzela ukuba ukupakishwa kuhlangabezane ngokupheleleyo neemfuno zeempawu ezibonakalayo kunye neekhemikhali ze. imveliso

2. Ukulungelelanisa iimeko zokujikeleza

Ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwemveliso kuyo yonke inkqubo yokujikeleza, ukupakishwa kwemveliso kufuneka kube namandla athile, ukuqina, ukuqina kunye neempawu ezizinzileyo. Kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zothutho kunye neendlela zothutho, izikhongozeli zokupakisha ezihambelanayo kunye nonyango lobugcisa kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngokukhethiweyo. Ngamafutshane, ukupakishwa okupheleleyo kufuneka kuhambelane neemeko zokugcina kunye nokuthutha kunye neemfuno zamandla kwintsimi yokujikeleza.

I-3, ukupakishwa kufuneka kube ngokufanelekileyo kwaye kuphakathi

Ukupakishwa kwentengiso, ubungakanani besitya sokupakisha kunye nemveliso yangaphakathi kufuneka ifaneleke, kwaye iindleko zokupakisha kufuneka zihambelane neemfuno zangempela zemveliso yangaphakathi. Ukugcina indawo eninzi kakhulu kunye neendleko zokupakisha ezibalelwa phezulu kakhulu umlinganiselo wexabiso lilonke lemveliso kuyingozi kubathengi.

Ukupakishwa kwemveliso kufuneka kubekwe emgangathweni, kwaye ubunzima bokupakisha, iinkcukacha kunye nemilinganiselo, imodeli yesakhiwo, izinto zokupakisha, isigama, amanqaku okushicilela, iindlela zokupakisha, njl njl. yokupakishwa kwemveliso kufuneka zidityaniswe, kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe yenze uthotho kunye nolungelelwaniso ukuze 4. Ukubekwa emgangathweni kulungele ukuveliswa kwezikhongozeli zokupakisha, ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso yokupakisha, ukwenza lula ukucaciswa kwe. izikhongozeli zokupakisha, ukunciphisa iindleko, ukonga imathiriyeli ekrwada, ququzelela ukuchongwa kunye nomlinganiselo, kwaye uncede ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wokupakishwa kwemveliso kunye nokhuseleko lwemveliso.

Izibonelelo, ukusetyenziswa okulahlekisayo "kokupakisha okugqithisileyo".

Iimfuno zokukhusela okuluhlaza kunye nokusingqongileyo kokupakishwa kwemveliso zineenkalo ezimbini zentsingiselo: Okokuqala, ukukhethwa kwezingxobo zokupakisha, izinto eziphathekayo, iteknoloji 5. Ukupakishwa kwemveliso kufuneka kube luhlaza kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo ngokwayo kufuneka kukhuseleke kwaye kucoceke kwimveliso kunye nomthengi. Okwesibini, iindlela zokupakisha kunye nezikhongozeli zezinto ezisetyenziswayo zikhuselekile kwaye ziluhlaza kokusingqongileyo. Ekukhetheni izinto zokupakisha kunye nemveliso, kufuneka silandele imigaqo yophuhliso oluzinzileyo, ukonga amandla, ukusetyenziswa okuphantsi, umsebenzi ophezulu, ukuthintela ukungcola, ukuphinda kusetyenziswe okuzinzileyo, okanye ukuchithwa okukhuselekileyo emva kwenkunkuma.

6. Iimfuno zobugcisa zokupakisha

1. Ingcamango yeteknoloji yokupakisha iteknoloji yokupakisha imveliso ibhekisela kumanyathelo obugcisa athathiweyo ukuchasa izinto zangaphakathi nangaphandle ezichaphazela umgangatho ukwenzela ukuthintela ukulahlekelwa kobuninzi kunye nokuguqulwa komgangatho kwintsimi yokujikeleza kwemveliso, eyaziwa nangokuthi iindlela zokukhusela ukupakisha imveliso. 2. Iimfuno zeteknoloji yokupakisha imveliso.

Izinto zangaphakathi nangaphandle ezichaphazela ukuguqulwa komgangatho wemveliso zihlulwe zibe ngumzimba, iikhemikhali, zezinto eziphilayo kunye nezinye izinto. Itekhnoloji yokukhusela ukupakishwa kwemveliso yimilinganiselo ethile yokuthintela ethathwe kule miba ingentla nangaphandle echaphazela umgangatho wemveliso.

7. Umgangatho wemveliso kunye nokupakishwa

Njengoko intetho isithi: "Iintyatyambo ezibomvu zilungile, kodwa kunye namagqabi aluhlaza axhasa." Umgangatho wemveliso kunye nokupakishwa, njengomgangatho we-safflower kunye neemveliso zamagqabi aluhlaza ngokuqinisekileyo ziphambili, abantu abanakho ukuthenga ukupakisha ukuthenga iimveliso.

Kodwa ukupakishwa akufuneki kungahoywa. Ukupakishwa okulungileyo akukwazi ukukhusela imveliso kuphela, kulula ukuthengisa kunye nokuthwala, ukuhombisa imveliso ukunyusa ixabiso, ukuvusa umnqweno wabathengi ukuthenga, kodwa kunye nokudlala indima yomthengisi othuleyo. Uyilo olulungileyo lwenkqubo yokupakisha aluphuculi kuphela ixabiso elongezelelweyo leemveliso, kodwa kwakhona luhlobo lobugcisa. Xa umgangatho wemveliso ukwinqanaba lokuqala, kodwa ukupakishwa akulungile, kuya kubangela ukuthengisa okucothayo, ngeli xesha, ukupakishwa kwemveliso kuya kunyuka kwinkalo ephambili. Umzekelo, i-China yakha yathumela ngaphandle iibhotile ezincinci zebhiya ye-Qingdao e-United States, izinto ezisetyenziswayo kunye nenkqubo zikumgangatho wokuqala, umbala wewayini ucacile, igwebu lilungile kwaye licocekile, kwaye umlomo uthambile kunye ne-100 yomlomo wangaphandle. ibhiya xa ithelekiswa, hayi ngaphantsi. Kodwa umgangatho weebhotile zebhiya zeTsingtao uqhelekile. Ngenxa yoko, kuye kwacotha ukuvula imarike ebanzi. Amanye amaTshayina aphesheya e-US afuna iTsingtao inikwe isinxibo esitsha esinesidima.

Nangona kunjalo, ngokuqondwa kokubaluleka kokupakishwa, ezinye iinkampani zisebenzisa ukupakishwa ukugquma umgangatho ombi weemveliso. Abaqulunqi bokupakisha kufuneka bakuphephe zombini ezi zinto zigqithileyo.