Icandelo lokuqala lithetha ukupakishwa
1. Inkcazo yokupakisha
Kwinqanaba lesizwe laseTshayina i-GB/T41221-1996, inkcazo yokupakishwa yile: igama elipheleleyo leekhonteyina, izixhobo kunye nezinto ezincedisayo ezisetyenziswa ngokweendlela ezithile zobugcisa ukwenzela ukukhusela iimveliso kwinkqubo yokujikeleza, ukuququzelela ukugcinwa kunye nokuthutha, kunye nokukhuthaza ukuthengisa. Ikwabhekiselele kwimisebenzi yokusebenza apho iindlela ezithile zobugcisa zisetyenziswa kwinkqubo yokusebenzisa izitya, izixhobo kunye nabancedisi ukwenzela ukufezekisa iinjongo ezingentla.
Qonda intsingiselo yokupakishwa kwemveliso, kubandakanywa imiba emibini yentsingiselo: kwelinye icala ibhekisa kwisikhongozeli esinemveliso, esidla ngokubizwa ngokuba sisingxobo, esifana neengxowa, iibhokisi, iiemele, iingobozi, iibhotile, njl.; Ngakolunye uhlangothi, libhekisela kwinkqubo yokupakisha iimveliso, ezifana nokupakisha, ukupakisha, njl.
Ukupakishwa kwemveliso kuneempawu ezimbini, ezifana nokuzithoba kunye nempahla yorhwebo. Ukupakishwa yisincedisi kwimixholo yayo; Ukupakisha kuyancedisa.Njengebhokisi yesigarethi, ibhokisi yebhokisi yecuba,ibhokisi yecuba engenanto,ibhokisi yecuba engenanto,isiko.iibhokisi zangaphambili,isikoiibhokisi zangaphambili, kushushu imveliso yokuthengisa.
Iimveliso ezikhethekileyo kwimixholo, enexabiso kunye nexabiso lokusebenzisa; Ngexesha elifanayo, kukwayindlela ebalulekileyo yokuqonda ixabiso leemveliso zangaphakathi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwexabiso.
Isizukulwana sokupakisha
Ngokuqhelekileyo kukholelwa ukuba ukupakishwa ngokuqhelekileyo kunxulunyaniswa neemveliso kwaye yindlela ebalulekileyo yokufikelela kwixabiso lemveliso kunye nexabiso lokusetyenziswa. Ngoko ke, ukuveliswa kokupakishwa kufuneka kubalwe ukususela ekuqaleni kokutshintshiselwa kweemveliso kuluntu lwabantu. Ngelo xesha, ukubunjwa kokupakisha kuhambelana ngokusondeleyo nophuhliso lokujikeleza kwemveliso. Ukuqulunqwa kokupakishwa kunokwahlulwa ngokwezigaba ezintathu.
1. Inqanaba lokupakisha eliphambili
Kwinqanaba lokuqala lokuphuhliswa kwemveliso yemveliso, emva kokuvela kokutshintshiselana kwemveliso, ukwenzela ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukujikeleza kweemveliso, imfuno yokuqala yokuthutha imveliso kunye nokugcinwa, oko kukuthi, imveliso ukumelana nokudluliselwa kwendawo kunye nokuhamba kwexesha. Ngale ndlela, ukupakishwa kuye kwaphuhliswa ukubonelela ngokhuseleko lweemveliso. Ngeli xesha, ukupakishwa ngokuqhelekileyo kubhekisela ekupakishweni okuphambili, oko kukuthi, ukugqiba umsebenzi wokupakisha inxalenye yezothutho, usebenzisa izitya zokupakisha eziphambili ezifana neebhokisi, iibhakethi, iibhasikithi kunye neebhasikithi. Ekubeni akukho phakheji encinci, imveliso kufuneka ihanjiswe kwintengiso.
2. Inqanaba lophuhliso lokupakishwa
Kweli nqanaba, akukho ukupakishwa kwezothutho kuphela, kodwa kunye nokupakishwa okuncinci okudlala indima ekuhambiseni ubuhle. Ngophuhliso loqoqosho lwempahla, kukho iimveliso ezingakumbi nangakumbi, kwaye amashishini ahlukeneyo avelisa iimveliso ezikumgangatho ohlukeneyo kunye nemibala eyahlukeneyo. Ekuqaleni, abavelisi basebenzisa iimpawu zemveliso ukwahlula iimveliso zamashishini, kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe basebenzise ukupakishwa okuncinci ukuhambisa olu lwazi. Ngokhuphiswano oluqatha lwemarike, ukupakishwa okuncinci emva koko kudlala indima yokuhombisa kunye nokukhuthaza iimveliso. Ngeli xesha, ukupakishwa kwezothutho kusadlala indima yokukhusela, ngelixa ukupakishwa okuncinci kudlala indima yokwahlula iimveliso, ukuhombisa kunye nokukhuthaza iimveliso. Ngenxa yephakheji encinci, imveliso ayidingeki ukuba ihanjiswe kwintengiso, kodwa imveliso isafuna ukuqaliswa kwaye ikhuthazwe ngumthengisi.
Ukuvela kokuthengiswa kweevenkile ezinkulu kutyhalele ukupakishwa kwinqanaba eliphezulu lophuhliso. 3. Ukuthengiswa kokupakishwa kuye kwaba yinqanaba lomthengisi othe cwaka wemveliso ukuya kwicala lenguqu yokupakisha yokuthengisa, ukupakishwa kwentengiso kuye kwaba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yemveliso, ibe yindlela ebalulekileyo yokufuna ukuthambisa okongeziweyo, ukupakishwa kwentengiso kwimveliso yokuthengisa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwendima nayo ikhula. Ngelo xesha, ukupakishwa kwezothutho kuye kwaphuhliswa ukusuka kukhuseleko olulula ukuya kwindlela yokuphucula indlela yokuphatha ukuthutha.
Uphuhliso lokupakisha ukuya kwinqanaba langoku ludla ngokubizwa ngokuba yipakethe yanamhlanje. Kwimveliso yeemveliso zanamhlanje, ukuxhomekeka kweemveliso ekupakishweni kuya kubonakala ngakumbi nangakumbi, kuyo yonke imveliso, ukujikeleza, ukuthengisa kunye neendawo zokusetyenziswa zifuna i-accessory - ukupakishwa kokungabi nanto kunzima ukwenza isangqa esilungileyo semveliso yentlalo. Ke ngoko, nangona iindidi zokupakishwa zanamhlanje zinyuka, umsebenzi wonyusa umlinganiselo wokunyuka kweendleko, ukupakishwa kuseyinto ekhoyo kwimveliso yangaphakathi, kwaye uphuhliso lokupakisha luya kuthintelwa yimveliso, iimpawu zemveliso yangaphakathi kunye notshintsho lwayo yeyona nto ibalulekileyo echaphazela uphuhliso lokupakisha. Ukongezelela, ukuthengiswa kokupakisha ngokwawo kuya kubonakala ngakumbi nangakumbi kwimveliso yemveliso yanamhlanje. Oku kubonisa ukuba ukupakishwa kuye kwaphuhliswa kude kube ngoku, nangona ukuxhomekeka kweemveliso kwiipakethe kuye kwanda, ukuxhomekeka kwemveliso yokupakisha kwimveliso yemveliso kuye kwehla, kwaye ukuzimela kwayo kwanda.
Okwangoku, ukuveliswa kokupakisha kuye kwaba lelinye lamacandelo abalulekileyo oshishino. Phakathi kwamashishini amakhulu angama-40 kweli lizwe, ishishini lokupakisha likwindawo ye-12. Ukupakishwa, njengezinye iimveliso zabasebenzi eziyimfuneko eluntwini, kunento yorhwebo kwaye iye yaba yinto yorhwebo phakathi kwamasebe. Ingqikelelo yokupakishwa kwale mihla ibonisa ubume bempahla yorhwebo, iindlela kunye nomsebenzi wokuvelisa wokupakishwa. Ixabiso lokupakishwa libandakanyiwe kwixabiso lemveliso, elingahlawulwanga kuphela xa imveliso ithengisiwe, kodwa iphinde ihlawule ngenxa yokubonelela ngeemarike kunye nezizathu zemfuno. Ukupakishwa komgangatho ophezulu kunokuzisa inzuzo enkulu kwezoqoqosho. Ukupakishwa yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yemveliso yemveliso, uninzi lweemveliso kuphela emva kokupakishwa, ukugqiba inkqubo yayo yokuvelisa, ukwenzela ukungena kwintsimi yokujikeleza kunye nokusetyenziswa. Kwintsimi yobunjineli bokupakisha, ukuthetha ngokubanzi, imveliso kunye nokupakishwa kunokwenza imveliso ekhuphisanayo. Ukupakishwa kusekelwe kwinani elithile leemveliso, iimpawu, iifom kunye nokugcinwa kunye neemeko zothutho kunye neemfuno zokuthengisa, ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezithile zokupakisha kunye neendlela zobugcisa, ngokweemfuno zoyilo ukwenza indibaniselwano yomzekelo kunye nokuhombisa iqumrhu, kunye neempawu ezimbini zobugcisa kunye neteknoloji, kunye nemilo, umthamo, izinga, ingqibelelo kunye nezinye iimpawu. Ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga ukubunjwa komzimba, nayiphi na ukupakisha, kufuneka kusetyenziswe izinto zokupakisha ezithile, ngokusebenzisa iteknoloji yokupakisha ethile yokuvelisa, banesakhiwo sabo esisodwa, imilo kunye nokuhlobisa imbonakalo. Ke ngoko, izinto zokupakisha, iindlela zokupakisha, ukupakishwa kobume bokupakisha kunye nokulayishwa komphezulu zizinto ezine ezenza iqumrhu lokupakisha. Izinto zokupakisha sisiseko sezinto zokupakisha, ngumthwalo wezinto eziphathekayo wokupakisha umsebenzi Iteknoloji yokupakisha isitshixo sokufezekisa umsebenzi wokukhusela ukupakisha kunye nokuqinisekisa umgangatho weemveliso zangaphakathi. Imodeli yesakhiwo sokupakisha yindlela ethile yokupakisha izinto kunye neteknoloji yokupakisha. Ukupakisha umhlobiso kukudityaniswa kwezinto ezine ngomfanekiso kunye nobuhle bombhalo, ukukhuthazwa kunye nokuqaliswa kweendlela eziphambili zemveliso, imfuno yoyilo olugqibeleleyo ukugqiba, ngale ndlela kuphela ingenza iimfuno zemarike yequmrhu lokupakisha.
Okwesithathu, umsebenzi wokupakisha
Umsebenzi wokupakisha ubonakaliswa ikakhulu kule miba ilandelayo
1. Khusela imveliso
Ukukhusela imveliso yenye yeyona misebenzi ibalulekileyo yokupakisha. Iimveliso kwinkqubo yokujikeleza, zinokuchaphazeleka kwizinto ezahlukeneyo zangaphandle, ezikhokelela ekungcolisekeni kwemveliso, umonakalo, ukuvuza okanye ukuwohloka, ukwenzela ukuba iimveliso zinciphise okanye zilahlekelwe ixabiso lokusetyenziswa. Ukupakishwa kwenzululwazi kunye nengqiqo kunokwenza imveliso ixhathise umonakalo wezinto ezahlukeneyo zangaphandle, ukwenzela ukukhusela ukusebenza kwemveliso kunye nokuqinisekisa umgangatho kunye nobuninzi bemveliso.Enjaloigrinder yomsi,ibhokisi yecuba,ibhokisi edityanisiweyo,ibhokisi yesiga.
2. Ukuququzelela ukujikeleza kwemveliso
Ukupakishwa kunika iimeko ezisisiseko kunye nokulula ukujikeleza kweemveliso. Imveliso ipakishwe ngokweenkcukacha ezithile, imilo, ubungakanani, ubungakanani kunye nezikhongozeli ezahlukeneyo, kwaye umphandle wepakethe uhlala uprintwa ngeempawu ezahlukeneyo, ezibonisa iinkcukacha zegama lemveliso epakishweyo, ubuninzi, umbala kunye nobunzima bokupakisha bubonke, ubunzima obupheleleyo, umthamo, igama lomzi-mveliso, idilesi yefektri kunye nezilumkiso zokugcina kunye nokubala imveliso, ukubala imveliso, ukubala kunye nokubala. Kwakhona kulungelelaniso lokusetyenziswa kweendlela ezahlukeneyo zothutho kunye nokugcinwa, ukuphucula ukulayishwa kunye nokukhulula, ukuthutha, ukupakisha ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokugcinwa kunye nemiphumo yokuthutha, ukukhawuleza ukuhamba kweemveliso, kunye nokuphucula inzuzo yezoqoqosho yokujikeleza kwemveliso.
3. Khuthaza kwaye wandise ukuthengiswa kweemveliso Ukupakishwa kwemveliso eyilwe kakuhle kunokudlala indima ekukhuthazeni iimveliso, ukuhombisa iimveliso kunye nokukhuthaza ukuthengisa. Ukupakishwa akunakuphucula kuphela ukukhuphisana kwemarike yeemveliso, kodwa kwakhona kutsala abathengi kunye neveli kunye nomtsalane wobugcisa obukhethekileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwesikhokelo, kuba yinto ehamba phambili yokukhuthaza ukuthengwa kwabathengi, ngumthengisi othe cwaka weemveliso. Ukupakishwa komgangatho ophezulu kubaluleke kakhulu ekuphuculeni amandla okhuphiswano lweemveliso ezithunyelwa ngaphandle, ukwandisa ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kumazwe angaphandle kunye nokukhuthaza uphuhliso lorhwebo lwangaphandle.
4. Ilungele ukusetyenziswa kwabathengi
Ukupakishwa kweentengiso ngeemveliso ezahlukeneyo, iifom ezahlukeneyo, ubungakanani bepakethi bufanelekile, kulula kubathengi ukuba basebenzise, bagcine kwaye baphathe. Umzobo, uphawu lokuthengisa kunye nenkcazo yombhalo kwiphakheji ilungele abathengi ukuba bachonge, kwaye bazise ubunjani kunye nokubunjwa kwemveliso, ukusetyenziswa, ukusetyenziswa kunye neendlela zokugcina, ezidlala indima efanelekileyo kunye nesikhokelo ekusebenziseni.
5. Yonga imali
Ukupakishwa kunxulumene ngokusondeleyo neendleko zemveliso. Ukupakishwa okunengqiqo kunokwenza iimveliso ezihlakazekileyo zihlanganiswe kwinani elithile leefom, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe kakhulu umthamo wokulayisha kunye nokulayishwa okufanelekileyo kunye nokukhulula ukuthutha, kunokugcina iindleko zokuthutha, iindleko zokugcina kunye nezinye iindleko. Ezinye izikhongozeli zokupakisha zinokuphinda zisetyenziswe amatyeli amaninzi, okonga ukuveliswa kwezinto zokupakisha kunye nezikhongozeli zokupakisha, nto leyo enceda ekunciphiseni iindleko nokuphucula izibonelelo zoqoqosho.
Ngamafutshane, imisebenzi esisiseko yokupakishwa kwemveliso kufuneka ibe: umsebenzi wokukhusela, umsebenzi wokulungelelaniswa, ukukhuthazwa kunye nomsebenzi wokubonisa.
Okwesine, ukubunjwa kwephakheji
Inkcazo yokupakisha: Ukupakishwa kubhekisela ekubunjweni okupheleleyo kwemveliso emva kokupakishwa, oko kukuthi, ixesha eliqhelekileyo lokupakisha kunye neemveliso. Ngokuqhelekileyo iqulunqwe ngamacandelo amathathu: imveliso, ukupakishwa kwangaphakathi kunye nokupakishwa kwangaphandle.
Amacandelo okupakisha aqhelekileyo aquka iinxalenye ezisi-8, ezizezi: iindawo zokuqulatha, iindawo ezizinzileyo, iindawo zokuphatha, iindawo ezisikhuselayo, iindawo ezikhusela umphezulu, iindawo ezichasene nokuwohloka, iindawo zokutywina kunye nomphezulu wokubonisa. Ukupakishwa okuqhelekileyo akuquki konke oku kungasentla.
Isihlanu, iimfuno ezisisiseko zokupakisha
Nceda isitrato, cwaka umnwe umhombiso isosi uthando umama
1. Ukulungelelanisa kwiimpawu zemveliso, ukupakishwa kwemveliso kufuneka kusekelwe kwiimpawu zemveliso, ngokulandelelana usebenzisa izinto ezihambelanayo kunye neteknoloji, ukwenzela ukuba ukupakishwa kuhlangabezane ngokupheleleyo neemfuno zeempawu ezibonakalayo kunye neekhemikhali zemveliso.
2. Ukulungelelanisa iimeko zokujikeleza
Ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwemveliso kuyo yonke inkqubo yokujikeleza, ukupakishwa kwemveliso kufuneka kube namandla athile, ukuqina, ukuqina kunye neempawu ezizinzileyo. Kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zothutho kunye neendlela zothutho, izikhongozeli zokupakisha ezihambelanayo kunye nonyango lobugcisa kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngokukhethiweyo. Ngamafutshane, ukupakishwa okupheleleyo kufuneka kuhambelane neemeko zokugcina kunye nokuthutha kunye neemfuno zamandla kwintsimi yokujikeleza.
I-3, ukupakishwa kufuneka kube ngokufanelekileyo kwaye kuphakathi
Ukupakishwa kwentengiso, ubungakanani besitya sokupakisha kunye nemveliso yangaphakathi kufuneka ifaneleke, kwaye iindleko zokupakisha kufuneka zihambelane neemfuno zangempela zemveliso yangaphakathi. Ukugcina indawo eninzi kakhulu kunye neendleko zokupakisha ezibalelwa phezulu kakhulu umlinganiselo wexabiso lilonke lemveliso kuyingozi kubathengi.
Ukupakishwa kwemveliso kufuneka kubekwe emgangathweni, kwaye ubunzima bokupakisha, imilinganiselo kunye nobukhulu, imodeli yesakhiwo, izinto zokupakisha, isigama, amanqaku okushicilela, iindlela zokupakisha, njl njl izikhongozeli zokupakisha, ukunciphisa iindleko, ukonga imathiriyeli ekrwada, ququzelela ukuchongwa kunye nomlinganiselo, kwaye uncede ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wokupakishwa kwemveliso kunye nokhuseleko lwemveliso.
Izibonelelo, ukusetyenziswa okulahlekisayo "kokupakisha okugqithisileyo".
Iimfuno zokukhusela okuluhlaza kunye nokusingqongileyo kokupakishwa kwemveliso zineenkalo ezimbini zentsingiselo: Okokuqala, ukukhethwa kwezingxobo zokupakisha, izinto eziphathekayo, iteknoloji 5. Ukupakishwa kwemveliso kufuneka kube luhlaza kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo ngokwayo kufuneka kukhuseleke kwaye kucoceke kwimveliso kunye nomthengi. Okwesibini, iindlela zokupakisha kunye nezikhongozeli zezinto ezisetyenziswayo zikhuselekile kwaye ziluhlaza kokusingqongileyo. Ekukhetheni izinto zokupakisha kunye nemveliso, kufuneka silandele imigaqo yophuhliso oluzinzileyo, ukonga amandla, ukusetyenziswa okuphantsi, umsebenzi ophezulu, ukuthintela ukungcola, ukuphinda kusetyenziswe okuzinzileyo, okanye ukuchithwa okukhuselekileyo emva kwenkunkuma.
6. Iimfuno zobugcisa zokupakisha
1. Ingcamango yeteknoloji yokupakisha iteknoloji yokupakisha imveliso ibhekisela kumanyathelo obugcisa athathiweyo ukuchasa izinto zangaphakathi nangaphandle ezichaphazela umgangatho ukwenzela ukuthintela ukulahlekelwa kobuninzi kunye nokuguqulwa komgangatho kwintsimi yokujikeleza kwemveliso, eyaziwa nangokuthi iindlela zokukhusela ukupakisha imveliso. 2. Iimfuno zeteknoloji yokupakisha imveliso.
Izinto zangaphakathi nangaphandle ezichaphazela ukuguqulwa komgangatho wemveliso zihlulwe zibe ngumzimba, iikhemikhali, zezinto eziphilayo kunye nezinye izinto. Itekhnoloji yokukhusela ukupakishwa kwemveliso yimilinganiselo ethile yokuthintela ethathwe kule miba ingentla nangaphandle echaphazela umgangatho wemveliso.
7. Umgangatho wemveliso kunye nokupakishwa
Njengoko intetho isithi: "Iintyatyambo ezibomvu zilungile, kodwa kunye namagqabi aluhlaza axhasa." Umgangatho wemveliso kunye nokupakishwa, njengomgangatho we-safflower kunye neemveliso zamagqabi aluhlaza ngokuqinisekileyo ziphambili, abantu abanakho ukuthenga ukupakisha ukuthenga iimveliso.
"Kodwa ukupakisha akufuneki kuhoywe. Ukupakishwa okuhle akunakukhusela kuphela imveliso, kulula ukuyithengisa kwaye iphathe, ihombise imveliso ukuze inyuse ixabiso, ivuse umnqweno wabathengi bokuthenga, kodwa idlale indima yomthengisi othe cwaka. Uyilo lwenkqubo yokupakisha elungileyo ayiphuculi nje ixabiso elongezelelweyo leemveliso, kodwa ikwayindlela yobugcisa. Xa umgangatho wemveliso, udidi lwemveliso aluyi kuba lucothayo, kodwa aluyi kuba nexabiso lokuqala, ukuthengisa, imveliso ayikuko ukucotha. Ngeli xesha, ukupakishwa kwemveliso kuya kunyuka ukuya kwinqanaba eliphambili. Umzekelo, i-China yakha yathumela iibhotile ezincinci ze-Qingdao e-United States, izinto eziluhlaza kunye nenkqubo zikumgangatho wokuqala, umbala wewayini ucacile, i-foam ilungile kwaye i-mellow kwaye i-100 yomlomo webhiya yangaphandle ifaniswe, ingekho ngaphantsi kwe-Tsing Imarike ebanzi.Amanye amaTshayina aphesheya kweelwandle ase-US akhalazela ukuba iTsingtao inikwe isinxibo esitsha esinesidima.
Nangona kunjalo, ngokuqondwa kokubaluleka kokupakishwa, ezinye iinkampani zisebenzisa ukupakishwa ukugquma umgangatho ombi weemveliso. Abaqulunqi bokupakisha kufuneka bakuphephe zombini ezi zinto zigqithileyo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-28-2023