Ukusetyenziswa kwecuba kuyaqhubeka nokuba ngunobangela ophambili wezifo nokufa okunokuthintelwa eKhanada. Ngo-2017, ukufa okungaphezulu kwama-47,000 kwabangelwa kukusetyenziswa kwecuba eKhanada, kuqikelelwa ukuba yi-$6.1 yeebhiliyoni kwiindleko zonyango lwempilo ngqo kunye ne-$12.3 yeebhiliyoni kwiindleko zizonke.1 NgoNovemba ka-2019, imithetho ecacileyo yokupakisha iimveliso zecuba yaqala ukusebenza njengenxalenye yeSicwangciso seTobacco saseKhanada, esijolise ekufezekiseni injongo yokusetyenziswa kwecuba elingaphantsi kwe-5% ngo-2035.
Ukupakisha okuqhelekileyo kuye kwamkelwa linani elikhulayo lamazwe kwihlabathi liphela. Ukusukela ngoJulayi 2020,Khanadaukupakishwa kwecubasele iphunyeziwe ngokupheleleyo kwinqanaba lomenzi kunye nokuthengisa kumazwe ali-14: iOstreliya (2012); iFransi kunye ne-United Kingdom (2017); iNew Zealand, iNorway, kunye ne-Ireland (2018); iUruguay, kunye neThailand (2019); iSaudi Arabia, iTurkey, i-Israel, kunye neSlovenia (ngoJanuwari 2020); iKhanada (ngoFebruwari 2020); kunye neSingapore (ngoJulayi 2020). NgoJanuwari 2022, iBelgium, iHungary, kunye neNetherlands ziya kube ziphunyeziwe ngokupheleleyo ukupakisha okucacileyo.
Le ngxelo ishwankathela ubungqina obuvela kwiProjekthi yoVavanyo lweMigaqo-nkqubo ye-International Tobacco Control (ITC) malunga nokusebenza kakuhle kokupakisha okucacileyo eKhanada. Ukususela ngo-2002, iProjekthi ye-ITC yenze uphando olude lwamaqela kumazwe angama-29 ukuvavanya impembelelo yemigaqo-nkqubo ephambili yokulawula icuba ye-World Health Organisation Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC). Le ngxelo iveza iziphumo kwimpembelelo yokupakisha okucacileyo eKhanada ngokusekelwe kwidatha eqokelelwe kubantu abadala abatshayayo ngaphambi (2018) nasemva (2020) kokungeniswa kokupakisha okucacileyoKhanadaukupakishwa kwecubaIdatha evela eKhanada ikwaboniswa ngokwemeko kunye nedatha evela kwamanye amazwe e-ITC Project ukuya kuthi ga kwi-25 — kuquka i-Australia, i-England, i-France, ne-New Zealand, apho kuye kwenziwa khona upakisho olucacileyo.
Ukupakisha okuqhelekileyo kunciphisa kakhulu ukuthandwa kwepakethe — ama-45% abantu abatshayayo babengayithandi indlela ekhangeleka ngayo ipakethe yabo yecuba emva kokuba ipakethe yabo ilula.Khanada ukupakishwa kwecubayaziswa, xa kuthelekiswa ne-29% ngaphambi komthetho Unlik Le ngxelo yalungiswa yiProjekthi ye-ITC kwiYunivesithi yaseWaterloo: uJanet Chung-Hall, uPete Driezen, uEunice Ofeibea Indome, uGang Meng, uLorraine Craig, kunye noGeoffrey T. Fong. Siyabulela izimvo ezivela kuCynthia Callard, ooGqirha beCanada engenamsi; uRob Cunningham, iCanadian Cancer Society; kunye noFrancis Thompson, iHealthBridge kwiidrafti zale ngxelo. Uyilo lwemizobo kunye noyilo lunikezelwe nguSonya Lyon weSentrik Graphic Solutions Inc. Enkosi kuBrigitte Meloche ngokubonelela ngeenkonzo zokuguqulela isiFrentshi; kunye noNadia Martin, iProjekthi ye-ITC yokuphonononga nokuhlela ukuguqulela isiFrentshi. Inkxaso-mali yale ngxelo inikezelwe yiNkqubo yoSetyenziso lweZiyobisi kunye neZiyobisi yeHealth Canada (SUAP) Arrangement #2021-HQ-000058. Iimbono ezivezwe apha azimeli ngokwenene iimbono zeHealth Canada.
Uphando lwe-ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey luxhaswe zizibonelelo ezivela kwi-US National Cancer Institute (P01 CA200512), i-Canadian Institutes of Health Research (FDN-148477), kunye ne-National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (APP 1106451). Inkxaso eyongezelelweyo inikwa uGeoffrey T. Fong yi-Senior Investigator Grant evela kwi-Ontario Institute for Cancer Research.
Igunya lolawulo lokupakisha icuba (ekwaziwa ngokuba kukupakisha okuqhelekileyo) linikezelwa phantsi koMthetho weeMveliso zeTobacco and Vaping (TVPA)4, owawunezilungiso ezamkelwe ngoMeyi 23, 2018 njengesakhelo somthetho sokunciphisa umthwalo omkhulu wokufa nezifo ezinxulumene necuba eKhanada.Khanadaukupakishwa kwecubaIjolise ekunciphiseni ukuthandwa kweemveliso zecuba kwaye yaziswa phantsi kweMigqaliselo yeeMveliso zeCuba ka-2019 (Ukubonakala okucacileyo nokuqhelekileyo)5 njengomnye wemigaqo-nkqubo ebanzi yokunceda ukufikelela kujoliso lokusetyenziswa kwecuba elingaphantsi kwe-5% ngo-2035 phantsi kweSicwangciso seCuba saseKhanada.
Imithetho iyasebenza ekupakisheni zonke iimveliso zecuba, kuquka neecuba ezenziweyo, ukugoqa iimveliso zakho (icuba elikhululekileyo, iityhubhu kunye namaphepha okugoqa ezenzelwe ukusetyenziswa necuba), iicuba kunye neecuba ezincinci, icuba lepayipi, icuba elingenamsi, kunye neemveliso zecuba ezishushu. Iimveliso ze-e-cigarettes/vaping azigutyungelwanga phantsi kwale mithetho, kuba azihlelwa njengeemveliso zecuba phantsi kwe-TVPA.
4 Ukupakisha okuqhelekileyo kweecuba, iicuba ezincinci, iimveliso zecuba ezenzelwe ukusetyenziswa nezixhobo, kunye nazo zonke ezinye iimveliso zecuba kwaqala ukusebenza kwinqanaba lomenzi/lomngenisi nge-9 kaNovemba 2019, kunye nexesha lotshintsho lweentsuku ezingama-90 kubathengisi becuba ukuba bathobele ngaphambi komhla wesi-7 kaFebruwari 2020. Ukupakisha okuqhelekileyo kweecuba kwaqala ukusebenza kwinqanaba lomenzi/lomngenisi nge-9 kaNovemba 2020, kunye nexesha lotshintsho lweentsuku ezili-180 kubathengisi becuba ukuba bathobele ngaphambi komhla wesi-8 kaMeyi 2021.5, 8
Khanada ukupakishwa kwecubaImithetho ibhekiswa njengeyona ibanzi kwihlabathi liphela, ibeka inani lezinto eziza kuqala kwihlabathi liphela (jonga iBhokisi 1). Zonke iipakethe zeemveliso zecuba kufuneka zibe nombala omdaka oqhelekileyo, ongenazo iimpawu ezikhethekileyo nezinomtsalane, kunye nokuboniswa kombhalo ovumelekileyo kwindawo eqhelekileyo, ifonti, umbala, kunye nobukhulu. Izinti zecuba azinakudlula imilinganiselo ethile yobubanzi nobude; zibe naluphi na uphawu; kwaye isiphelo sesiphelo sesihluzo kufuneka sibe sithi tyaba kwaye singabi nazingxengxezo.Khanada ukupakishwa kwecubaiya kulungiswa ngokwefomathi yesilayidi kunye neshelufu kwinqanaba lomenzi/lomthumeli ukusuka nge-9 kaNovemba 2021 (abathengisi banexesha eliya kuthi ga nge-7 kaFebruwari 2022 lokuthobela loo mthetho), ngaloo ndlela bethintela iipakethi ezinesivalo esivulekileyo. Umfanekiso 1 ubonisa ukupakishwa kwesilayidi kunye neshelufu okungenantoKhanada ukupakishwa kwecuba apho umyalezo wolwazi lwezempilo utyhilwa ngasemva kwephakheji yangaphakathi xa iphakheji ivulwa. IKhanada lilizwe lokuqala emhlabeni ukufuna ukupakishwa kwesilayidi kunye neqokobhe KWAYE yayililizwe lokuqala ukufuna imiyalezo yezempilo yangaphakathi.
Khanadaukupakishwa kwecubaImithetho yeyona inamandla ehlabathini kwaye yeyokuqala uku:
• Musa ukusebenzisa izichazi-magama zemibala kuzo zonke iimpawu kunye namagama ahlukeneyo
• Funa ifomathi yokupakisha yesilayidi kunye neqokobhe lecuba
• Funa umbala omdaka omdaka ngaphakathi kwiphakheji
• Musa ukutshaya iicuba ezinde kune-85mm
• Musa ukusebenzisa iicuba ezincinci ezingaphantsi kwe-7.65mm ububanzi
Imizekelo yehlabathi ebekwe yimithetho yokupakishwa ecacileyo yaseKhanada
IKhanada ayizange isebenzise izilumkiso ezintsha nezinkulu zezempilo (ii-PHW) kwiipakethe zecuba kunye nemigaqo yokupakishwa ecacileyo, njengoko kufuneka kwamanye amazwe aquka iOstreliya, iUnited Kingdom, iFrance, neNew Zealand. Nangona kunjalo,Ipakethi yecuba yaseKhanadaizilumkiso (75% zangaphambili nangasemva) ziya kuba zezona zinkulu kwihlabathi ngokubhekiselele kumhlaba wonke xa ifomathi yesilayidi kunye neqokobhe iqalisa ukusebenza ngoNovemba 2021. I-Health Canada igqibezela izicwangciso zokuphumeza iiseti ezininzi zezilumkiso ezintsha zempilo kwiimveliso zecuba eziya kufuneka zijikeleziswe emva kwexesha elithile.9 Umfanekiso 2 ubonisa ixesha lokupakisha okucacileyo eKhanada ngokunxulumene noPhando lwe-ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping, olubonelela ngedatha yale ngxelo.
Le ngxelo inika idatha evela kwi-ITC Canada Smoking and Vaping Survey ngaphambi kokuba nasemva kokuba ukupakisha okuqhelekileyo kuqaliswe ngokupheleleyo kwinqanaba lokuthengisa nge-7 kaFebruwari 2020. I-ITC Canada Smoking and Vaping Survey, inxalenye yoPhando olukhulu lwe-ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey, oluqhutywe ngaxeshanye nophando lwamaqela e-United States, e-Australia nase-England, luphando lwamaqela oluqhutywa phakathi kwabantu abadala abatshayayo kunye nabatshisi abaqeshwe kwiiphaneli zewebhu zelizwe ngalinye. Uphando lwe-intanethi lwemizuzu engama-45 luquke imibuzo enxulumene novavanyo lokupakisha okuqhelekileyo, oluye lwasetyenziswa yi-ITC Project ukuvavanya ukupakisha okuqhelekileyo e-Australia, eNgilane, eNew Zealand, naseFransi. Uphando lwe-ITC Canada lokuTshaya nokuVaya luqhutywe phakathi kwesampulu emele ilizwe lonke yabantu abadala abangama-4600 abatshayayo abagqibe uphando ngo-2018 (ngaphambi kokupakisha okulula), ngo-2020 (emva kokupakisha okulula), okanye kwiminyaka emibini. Idatha ye-longitudinal evela eKhanada ithelekiswa nedatha evela kwamanye amazwe amabini e-ITC (e-Australia nase-United States) apho uphando olufanayo lwenziwe ngexesha elifanayo, kwaye lwahluka ngokwemeko yemithetho yabo yokupakisha icuba kunye neemfuno zotshintsho kwi-PHWs (jonga iTheyibhile 1). Iimpawu zabaphenduli bophando eKhanada, e-Australia, nase-United States zishwankathelwe kwiTheyibhile 2. Ingxelo ikwabonisa uthelekiso lwamazwe ngamazwe lwedatha kwiindlela ezikhethiweyo zempembelelo yemigaqo-nkqubo eKhanada kunye namanye amazwe angama-25 e-ITC.ii
Iinkcukacha ezipheleleyo malunga neendlela zokuthatha iisampulu kunye nophando kwilizwe ngalinye ziboniswe kwi-ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey
iingxelo zobugcisa, ziyafumaneka apha:https://itcproject.org/methods/
Iprojekthi ye-ITC sele ipapashe iingxelo malunga nempembelelo yokupakisha okucacileyo eNew Zealand18 naseNgilane19. Amaphepha enzululwazi e-ITC ezayo aza kubonisa uhlalutyo olubanzi lwempembelelo yokupakisha okucacileyo eKhanada nakwamanye amazwe, kunye nokuthelekiswa kwempembelelo yomgaqo-nkqubo kulo lonke ilizwe le-ITC elisebenzise iplain.Khanadaukupakishwa kwecuba.Umahluko omncinci phakathi kweziphumo ezibikwe eKhanada kumaphepha esayensi azayo kunye neziphumo ezibikwe kolu xwebhu zibangelwa kukungafani kweendlela zokulungisa izibalo, kodwa azitshintshi indlela iyonke yeziphumo. ii.
Iziphumo zaseKhanada zowama-2020 eziboniswe kumanani aphesheya kwelizwe zinokwahluka kancinci kwiziphumo zowama-2020 kumanani akude aboniswe kule ngxelo ngenxa yokwahluka kwiindlela zohlengahlengiso lwezibalo kuhlobo ngalunye lohlalutyo.
Ngexesha lovavanyo lokupakisha emva kokusetyenziswa kwecuba eKhanada, uninzi lweepakethe ezingenanto kwiindawo zokuthengisa zazikwifomathi ye-flip top, kwaye ifomathi yesilayidi kunye negobolondo yayifumaneka kuphela kwinani eliqingqiweyo leempawu. Enye yeenjongo eziphambili zokupakisha okungenanto kukunciphisa ukutsala kunye nomtsalane weemveliso zecuba.
Uphando olwenziwe kumazwe ahlukeneyo luye lwabonisa rhoqo ukuba iipakethe zecuba ezilula azibangeli mdla kangako abantu abatshayayo kuneepakethe ezineempawu.12-16
Uphando lwe-ITC lubonise ukuba kukho ukwanda okukhulu kwipesenti yabantu ababhemayo baseKhanada abafumanise ukuba ipakethi yabo yecuba “ayithandeki kwaphela” emva kokuphunyezwa kwe- Khanadaukupakishwa kwecuba.Oku kuncipha okukhulu kokuthandwa kwakwahlukile kwamanye amazwe amabini athelekiswayo—iOstreliya ne-US—apho kwakungekho tshintsho kwipesenti yabantu abatshayayo abafumanise ukuba ipakethi yabo yecuba “ayithandeki kwaphela”.
Bekukho ukwanda okukhulu kwipesenti yabantu abatshayayo abathi abayithandi indlela ekhangeleka ngayo ipakethi yabo yecuba emva kokusetyenziswa kwepakethi eqhelekileyo eKhanada (ukusuka kwi-29% ngo-2018 ukuya kwi-45% ngo-2020). Ukuthandwa kwepakethi bekuphantsi kakhulu e-Australia (apho ukupakisha okuqhelekileyo kwasetyenziswa kunye nee-PHW ezinkulu ngo-2012), apho ngaphezulu kwesibini kwisithathu sabantu abatshayayo baxela ukuba abayithandi indlela ekhangeleka ngayo ipakethi yabo ngo-2018 (71%) nango-2020 (69%). Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ipesenti yabantu abatshayayo abathi abayithandi indlela ekhangeleka ngayo ipakethi yabo ihlale iphantsi e-US (9% ngo-2018 kunye ne-12% ngo-2020), apho izilumkiso zibhalwe kuphela kwaye ukupakisha okuqhelekileyo akukasetyenziswa (jonga uMfanekiso 3).
Ezi ziphumo zihambelana neziphumo zangaphambili zeProjekthi ye-ITC ezibonisa ukwanda kwenani labantu abatshayayo abangayithandanga indlela ezikhangeleka ngayo iipakethi zabo emva kokuba kufakwe iipakethi ezingenanto e-Australia (ukusuka kwi-44% ngo-2012 ukuya kwi-82% ngo-2013)17, eNew Zealand (ukusuka kwi-50% ngo-2016-17 ukuya kwi-75% ngo-2018)18, kunye neNgilane (ukusuka kwi-16% ngo-2016 ukuya kwi-53% ngo-2018).19
Iziphumo zangoku zongeza ubungqina obuvela kwizifundo ezipapashiweyo ezibonisa ukwehla okukhulu ekukhangelweni kweepakethe emva kokusetyenziswa kokupakisha okuqhelekileyo kunye nee-PHW ezinkulu e-Australia20, 21 kunye nempembelelo entle yeKhanadaukupakishwa kwecubaekunciphiseni ukuthandwa kwepakethi ngokugqithisileyo, ukwandisa ubungakanani bee-PHW eNgilani.22
Olunye uphando lwakutshanje oluvavanya impembelelo yokupakisha okucacileyo e-United Kingdom naseNorway kusetyenziswa amanyathelo ophando e-ITC amiselweyo lubonelela ngobungqina obongezelelekileyo bokuba ukusetyenziswa kokupakisha okucacileyo kunye nee-PHW ezintsha ezinkulu kuphucula isilumkiso kunye nokusebenza ngaphaya koko kunokufezekiswa ngokusebenzisa ukupakisha okucacileyo ngaphandle kotshintsho kwizilumkiso zempilo. Ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa kokupakisha okucacileyo, omabini la mazwe ayenezilumkiso zempilo ezifanayo kwiipakethe zecuba (isilumkiso sombhalo esingu-43% ngaphambili, i-53% ye-PHW ngasemva).
Emva kokusetyenziswa kokupakisha okucacileyo kunye nee-PHW ezintsha ezinkulu (i-65% yangaphambili nangasemva) e-United Kingdom, kubekho ukwanda okukhulu ekuqapheleni, ekufundeni, nasekucingeni ngezilumkiso zabantu abatshayayo, ekucingeni ngeengozi zempilo zokutshaya, ekuphepheni ukuziphatha, ekuyekeni icuba, nasekubeni namathuba amaninzi okuyeka ngenxa yezi zilumkiso.
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, bekukho ukwehla okukhulu ekuqapheleni, ekufundeni, nasekujongeni ngokusondeleyo izilumkiso, ekucingeni ngeengozi zempilo zokutshaya, kunye nokuba namathuba amaninzi okuyeka ngenxa yezilumkiso phakathi kwabatshayi eNorway, apho kwakusetyenziswa khona ukupakisha okuqhelekileyo ngaphandle kotshintsho kwizilumkiso zempilo.23 Ipateni eyahlukileyo yeziphumo ezibonwe e-United Kingdom xa ithelekiswa neNorway ibonisa ukubaKhanada ukupakishwa kwecubaiphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwezilumkiso ezinkulu ezintsha zemifanekiso, kodwa ayinakonyusa impembelelo yezilumkiso ezindala/zemifanekiso
Ixesha leposi: Juni-15-2024