IiCigarettes Zasungulwa Nini?Utshintsho olupheleleyo ukusuka kwizithethe zamandulo zecuba ukuya kwicuba lanamhlanje eligoqiweyo

Iicuba ezisongiweyo ngephepha ezaziwa ngabantu banamhlanje azizange zibekho kwasekuqaleni. Endaweni yoko, zavela kancinci kancinci emva kwamawaka eminyaka yezithethe zokusetyenziswa kwecuba, izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe, iinguqu kwezoshishino, kunye notshintsho kwezentlalo. Nangona ukusetyenziswa kwecuba kususela kumawaka eminyaka, "icuba lanamhlanje" lokwenyani lenziwa emva kokusungulwa koomatshini bokwenza iicuba ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19. Eli nqaku lilandelela imvelaphi yecuba, lihlola ngokucwangcisiweyo ukuvela ngokupheleleyo kweecuba ukusuka kwizinto zakudala zesithethe ukuya kwiimveliso zemizi-mveliso.

IiCigarettes Zasungulwa Nini?Impendulo ekhawulezileyo: Kwaqalwa nini kanye kanye icuba?

Ukuba sichaza "iicuba zanamhlanje" njengeemveliso zecuba ezenziwe ngomatshini, ezisongelwe ngephepha, ezimile ngendlela efanayo, ezizinzileyo ngokwesakhiwo, kwaye zihlala zihluzwa, ukuzalwa kwazo kuchazwe ngokuchanekileyo: Ngo-1880, umqambi waseMelika uJames A. Bonsack waphumelela ukuphuhlisa umatshini wokuqala wokwenza iicuba, nto leyo eyavumela ukuveliswa kweecuba ezinkulu kakhulu kwimizi-mveliso.

Nangona kunjalo, xa sijonga imbali, ukusetyenziswa kwecuba lomntu kwaqala ngaphambi kweecuba zanamhlanje, kuguquka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kuquka amasiko enkolo, iipayipi, iicuba, kunye nesnuff. Ngoko ke, "Iicuba zaqalwa nini?" zichazwe ngokuchanekileyo njengombuzo wenguquko yamanqanaba amaninzi.

IiCigarettes Zasungulwa Nini?Yintoni kanye kanye abantu ababetshaya ngaphambi kokuba batshaye icuba?

Ngaphambi kokuba kuvele icuba, ukusetyenziswa kwecuba ngabantu kwakusele kwahluke kakhulu. Abantu bomthonyama baseMelika babengabasebenzisi bokuqala abaziwayo, bephefumla kwaye behlafuna amagqabi ecuba kwimibhiyozo yonqulo, kwiimeko zonyango, nakwiindibano zentlalo—izenzo ezaziqala kwiminyaka engamawaka eyadlulayo. Ngelo xesha, icuba lalihlonitshwa njengesityalo esingcwele, esasikholelwa ukuba siluncedo ekunxibelelaneni nemimoya okanye sinyange izifo.

Emva kwexesha lokufunyanwa kwecuba kwinkulungwane ye-16, amakoloni aseYurophu abuyisela icuba eYurophu, nto leyo eyabangela ukusasazeka ngokukhawuleza kweendlela ezintsha zokusebenzisa ezifana neepayipi, i-snuff, kunye nee-cigar. "Ukutshaya" ngelo xesha kwakufana kakhulu "nokutshaya icuba ngepayipi," ngelixa iicuba ezisongiweyo ngephepha zazingekho. Ke ngoko, ukuba umntu ubuza athi, "Ngaba abantu baseYurophu yamandulo babetshaya?" impendulo yile: phantse ngokuqinisekileyo akunjalo, kuba icuba lalingekafiki eYurophu ngelo xesha.

Ngenkulungwane ye-18 neye-19, i-snuff, iipayipi, kunye nee-cigar zaba zezona ndlela ziphambili zokusebenzisa icuba, ngelixa uhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwee-cigarettes nalo lwaqala ukuvela ngeli xesha.

IiCigarettes Zasungulwa Nini?Imvelaphi yeeCigarettes: Ukusuka kwiiRolls zePhepha zamajoni ukuya kwi "Cigarette" yokwenyani

Iicuba zokuqala ezisongiweyo ngephepha zaqala eSpain naseFransi. Ukususela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18 ukuya ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, amajoni aseSpain ayedla ngokusonga iziqwenga zecuba eziseleyo kwiphepha elisikiweyo okanye iphepha elincinci. Ezi ziqwenga zephepha ezilula zithathwa njengezona zandulela zokuqala zeecuba. Amajoni aseFransi alandela emva koko, kwaye igama elithi "icuba" laduma kakhulu ngexesha leMfazwe yaseCrimea.

Kule nqanaba, iicuba zahlala zenziwe ngezandla, umgangatho wazo ungaguquki, imveliso yazo incinci, kwaye kunzima ukuzenza zidume. Bambalwa kuphela ababetshaya eli "cuba lendoda elihlwempu," ngelixa iicuba kunye neepayipi zahlala ziyindlela eqhelekileyo yokukhetha abantu abadumileyo nabakumgangatho ophakathi.

Ngoko ke, nangona singenakutsho ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba “ngubani owatshaya icuba lokuqala,” kuyacaca ukuba iicuba zokuqala ezisongiweyo ngephepha kusenokwenzeka ukuba zazivela kwisiko lecuba elenziwa ngesandla eSpain kwaye zasasazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu ngamajoni.

IiCigarettes Zasungulwa Nini?Icuba lanamhlanje lavela ngokwenene ngo-1880: Umatshini wecuba watshintsha yonke into

Isiganeko esibalulekileyo esatshintsha ikamva lecuba senzeka ngo-1880. Ukuveliswa komatshini wecuba nguJames Bonsack kwakwazi ukuvelisa amakhulu ecuba ngomzuzu, ngelixa iirola ezenziwe ngesandla zazinokulawula amakhulu ambalwa kuphela ngosuku. Lo mahluko mkhulu kumandla emveliso waguqula ngokukhawuleza icuba laba yimveliso efikelelekayo nefikelelekayo efanelekileyo kwiimveliso zoshishino.

Usapho laseMelika iDuke lwasebenzisana ngokukhawuleza neBonsac, baseka iifektri ezinkulu zecuba ezathi zoyisa ngokukhawuleza imakethi yaseMelika ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 nasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20. Emva koko, iimpawu zecuba zanda njengeekhowa emva kwemvula, ziguqula iicuba zaba yimveliso yabathengi abaninzi.

Kwakusemva kowe-1880 kuphela apho icuba langena ngokwenene "kwixesha lanamhlanje."

IiCigarettes Zasungulwa Nini?Utshintsho Olungakumbi LweeCigarettes: IiFilters, iMenthol, iiCigarettes Ezikhanyayo, kunye neeCigarettes ze-E

Iqhutywa kuphuhliso lwemizi-mveliso nophando lwesayensi, iimveliso zecuba ziye zaphuculwa rhoqo. Iicuba ezineencam zesihluzo zaqala ukubonakala ngeminyaka yoo-1920 zaza zathandwa ngokukhawuleza emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini. Iimpawu zakhuthaza ubuchwepheshe besihluzo njenge "esempilweni" kwaye "ecocekileyo," nangona la mabango kamva angqineka engenasihlahla ngokwesayensi.

Kwiminyaka eyalandelayo kwavela icuba le-menthol, icuba elikhanyayo, kunye necuba elide ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zabathengi. Ukungena kwinkulungwane yama-21, i-e-cigarettes kunye neemveliso zecuba ezingatshisiyo zivele njengesizukulwana esitsha sezinye iindlela, nto leyo eyanika umkhwa "wokutshaya" uhlobo olutsha lobuchwepheshe.

Ngaba wonke umntu wayetshaya ngaphambili? Inkcubeko yokutshaya yahluka kakhulu kwiinkulungwane ezahlukeneyo.

Abantu badla ngokubuza: “Ngaba wonke umntu wayetshaya ngeminyaka yoo-1920?” okanye “Ngaba ukutshaya kwakuxhaphake kakhulu ngeminyaka yoo-1940?”

Inyani yile yokuba amazinga okutshaya ayephezulu kakhulu ngeli xesha, ingakumbi eYurophu nase-United States. Iinkwenkwezi zaseHollywood, iintengiso zefashoni, kunye nokutya kwamajoni konke kwakhuthaza kakhulu inkcubeko yokutshaya. Nangona kunjalo, ingcamango ethi “wonke umntu uyatshaya” yingxolo—amazinga okutshaya abantu abadala kumazwe amaninzi ajikeleze kwi-40%, hayi i-100%.

Ukutshaya kwabasetyhini ngexesha likaVictorian kwakukade kujongwa njengokungafanelekanga, kwaqala ukuxhaphaka kakhulu kwinkulungwane yama-20 kuphela. Abantu bamandulo abanjengookumkani baseBritane nabo babhalwe njengabatshayi, kwaye abanye basaqhubeka benomdla woluntu nanamhlanje.

Kule mihla, amazinga okutshaya ayehla ngokubanzi, nangona amanye amazwe kunye namanani abantu abaselula ebonisa umkhwa "wokubuyela umva" onxulunyaniswa noxinzelelo lwengqondo, inkcubeko yemidiya yoluntu, ukuthengisa nge-e-cigarette, kunye neendlela zefashoni.

IiCigarettes Zasungulwa Nini?Ukusuka "kwiSongezo sezeMpilo" ukuya kwiNgxaki yezeMpilo: Ukuvela koLwazi kunye noLawulo loMngcipheko weCigarette

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, iicuba zazibhengezwa “njengeziluncedo empilweni,” ezinye iimpawu zisithi “ziphilisa umphimbo obuhlungu.” Kwakungekho de kwaba ngeminyaka yoo-1950, xa uphando lwezenzululwazi lwaqala ukuseka unxibelelwano oluqinileyo phakathi kweecuba nomhlaza wemiphunga, apho ihlabathi laqala ukuvavanya kwakhona iingozi zokutshaya. Emva kweminyaka yoo-1960, amazwe aqhubeka nokusebenzisa imithetho engqongqo, kuquka nokuvalwa kweentengiso zecuba, izilumkiso zempilo ezinyanzelekileyo ekupakisheni, ukonyuka kwerhafu yecuba, kunye nemiqathango yokutshaya kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke.

Umzekelo, umthetho wase-UK wokuthintela ukutshaya iibhari zangaphakathi ngo-2007 waphawula utshintsho olukhulu kuhambo lwaseYurophu oluya kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke ezingenamsi.

Njengoko imithetho yayiqhubeka, ukupakishwa kwecuba kuye kwatshintsha kakhulu—kwatshintsha ukusuka ekugxininisweni komfanekiso wophawu ukuya kwizilumkiso zempilo, kwaza kwasetyenziswa ukupakishwa okuqhelekileyo kwamanye amazwe.

IiCigarettes Zasungulwa Nini?Uphuhliso lweSigarette Packaging: Ukusuka kwiSimple Paper Wraps ukuya kwiXesha elitsha leeCartons eziZinzileyo

Iicuba zokuqala zazidla ngokupakishwa kwiingxowa zephepha ezilula okanye kwiitini zesinyithi, zisebenzela iinjongo ezisisiseko zokusebenza. Ngokukhula kweecuba eziphucukileyo, iimpawu zaqala ukusebenzisa ukupakisha amaphepha okucwangciswa ukuze zibonakale ngokubonakalayo. Iibhokisi ezincinci neziqinileyo zazikhusela iicuba ngelixa zisenza kube lula ukuphatheka, kwaye uyilo lwazo oluprintiweyo lwaba zizinto ezibalulekileyo kukhuphiswano lweempawu.

Kamva, imithetho yezempilo kwihlabathi liphela yayalela ukuba kubekho izilumkiso ezinkulu kunye nemibhalo ebhaliweyo kwiipakethe, nto leyo eqhuba ukwenziwa kwemigangatho kunye nokufana kwindlela yokuyila icuba.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imithetho yokusingqongileyo kwamanye amazwe ifuna ukuba kuncitshiswe ukusetyenziswa kweplastiki, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ishishini lecuba lisebenzise izixhobo zephepha ezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe kunye neenkqubo zokwenza izinto ezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo. Njengomvelisi wephepha oqeqeshiweyo, iFuliter iyahambelana nale ndlela ngokubonelela ngezisombululo zeebhokisi zephepha ezizinzileyo, ezikumgangatho ophezulu, nezinokwenziwa ngokwezifiso zokutya, icuba, kunye namashishini ahlukeneyo e-FMCG.

IiCigarettes Zasungulwa Nini?Iingxelo zeMbali: Iirekhodi ezingaqhelekanga kunye namabali ayinyani/amanga malunga neecigarettes

Imbali izele ngamabali anomdla malunga neecuba, njengengxelo ethi “ngubani otshaye iicuba ezingama-800 ngaxeshanye?”—uninzi lwazo luneempawu zemidlalo okanye ezigqithisileyo. Amabali anje “ngoyena mntu utshayayo mdala emhlabeni” adla ngokusetyenziswa ukukhohlisa uluntu—enyanisweni, ukubakho kwabantu abambalwa abatshayayo ixesha elide akutshintshi isivumelwano sesayensi sokuba ukutshaya kuneengozi ezinkulu empilweni.

Nangona zingenazo iimpawu zesayensi, ezo ntsomi zibonisa indawo ekhethekileyo yenkcubeko yecuba kwaye zityhila umdla woluntu ohlala uhleli kunye nengxoxo ejikeleze imveliso.

IiCigarettes Zasungulwa Nini?Isishwankathelo: Ukuguquka Okupheleleyo KweeCigarettes—Ukusuka Kwizinto Zamandulo Zesithethe Ukuya Kwizinto Zanamhlanje Eziphikisanayo

Ukuphonononga imbali yeecuba kubonisa ukuba azikaze zibe yimveliso engaguqukiyo. Endaweni yoko, ziye zaqhubeka zikhula kunye nokusasazwa kwenkcubeko, izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe, iimfazwe, intengiso, kunye nophuhliso lwesayensi. Ukususela kwizityalo ezingcwele eMelika yamandulo ukuya kwiicuba ezisongwa ngesandla zamajoni enkulungwane ye-19, uguquko lwemizi-mveliso oluziswe ngumatshini wecuba iBonsack, kunye nophuhliso olulandelayo lweengcebiso zokucoca, iicuba ezikhanyayo, iicuba zementhol, kunye neecuba ze-elektroniki zanamhlanje, iindlela zoluntu zokusebenzisa icuba ziye zatshintsha rhoqo.

Ukuqonda imbali yecuba akupheleli nje ekukhanyiseni impembelelo yalo kwinkcubeko yehlabathi kodwa kukwagxininisa ukubaluleka okubalulekileyo kweengozi zempilo kunye nemigaqo. Kwishishini lanamhlanje lokupakisha, ukupakisha ngokwako kuye kwaba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yecandelo lecuba—ukusuka ekukhetheni izinto kunye noyilo lokushicilela ukuya kwizilumkiso zempilo kunye namanyathelo okugcina uzinzo.

Ukuba ufuna ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga nokupakisha amaphepha okuhlala ixesha elide, iibhokisi zokutya ezenziwe ngokwezifiso, okanye iimveliso ezinxulumene noko, jonga ikhathalogu yemveliso yeFuliter. Sinikezela ngezisombululo zokupakisha ezikumgangatho ophezulu ezihambelana nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe.

Iithegi: #ibhokisi yokupakisha eyenziwe ngokwezifiso #ibhokisi yephakheji #ibhokisi yokupakisha egqwesileyo