Amazwe amaninzi anemithetho yolawulo lwecuba emisela inani elincinaneibhokisi yecubaenokufakwa kwipakethi enye.
Kumazwe amaninzi athe alawula kule ubuncinci bepakethe yecuba yi-20, umz. e-United States (Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 Sec. 1140.16) kunye namazwe angamalungu e-European Union (EU Tobacco Products Directive, 2014/40/EU) . Umyalelo we-EU ubeke inani elincinane leibhokisi yecubangepakethi nganye ukunyusa amaxabiso angaphambili ecuba kwaye ngokwenza oko kufikeleleke kancinci kubantu abatsha 1. Ngokuchaseneyo, kukho ummiselo omncinci kakhulu malunga nobukhulu bepakethi yobungakanani, obahluka kwihlabathi jikelele phakathi kwe-10 kunye ne-50 yecuba ngepakethi. Iipakethi ze-25 zaziswa e-Australia ngexesha le-1970, kwaye iipakethi ze-30, 35, 40 kunye ne-50 zingena ngokuqhubekayo kwimarike kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini alandelayo ukuba 23% ngo 2018 3. EUnited Kingdom, iipakethe 23 yaye 24 yaqaliswa emva ukuqaliswa plain (standardized) ukupakishwa. Ukufunda kula mava, iNew Zealand yagunyazisa ukuba ibe neesayizi ezimbini zeepakethe ezisemgangathweni (ama-20 nama-25) njengenxalenye yomthetho wayo wokupakishwa okungenanto 4.
Ubukho bepakethi yeesayizi ezinkulu kune-20ibhokisi ye imidizainomdla othile ngenxa yobungqina obukhulayo bendima yobungakanani besahlulo ekusetyenzisweni kwezinye iimveliso.
Ukusetyenziswa kokutya kunyuswa xa abantu benikwa zikhulu, xa kuthelekiswa nezincinci, ubungakanani bezabelo, kunye nophononongo olucwangcisiweyo lweCochrane ukufumana isiphumo esincinci ukuya kwimodareyitha yobungakanani besahlulo ekutyeni nasekusetyenzisweni kwesiselo esithambileyo 5. Uphononongo luphinde lwahlola ubungqina besiphumo senxalenye ubungakanani bokusetyenziswa kwecuba. Izifundo ezithathu kuphela eziye zadibana nemigaqo yokubandakanywa, zonke zijolise kuzoibhokisi ye imidizaubude, ngaphandle kwezifundo eziphonononga impembelelo ekusetyenzisweni kobungakanani bepakethe yecuba. Ukunqongophala kobungqina bovavanyo yinkxalabo, kuba ukwanda kokufumaneka kweepakethi ezinkulu kunokunciphisa uphuculo kwimpilo yoluntu oluphunyezwe ngeminye imigaqo-nkqubo yolawulo lwecuba.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, impumelelo yemigaqo-nkqubo yolawulo lwecuba kumazwe amaninzi ibe ngenxa yokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwecuba ngongenelelo olusekwe kumaxabiso kunokukhuthaza ukupheliswa, amazinga okupheliswa ahlala engaguquguquki ekuhambeni kwexesha 6. Lo mngeni ugxininisa imfuneko yemigaqo-nkqubo ekhuthaza ukupheliswa. Ukunciphisa inani lemidiza ngosuku abantu abatshayayo abalisebenzisayo linokuba ngumanduleli obalulekileyo kwiinzame zokuphelisa ngempumelelo, kwaye ngelixa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kusesona sicwangciso sisebenzayo, eminye imigaqo-nkqubo yokulawula icuba nayo ibalulekile ekunciphiseni ukusetyenziswa kwecuba. abatshayayo banakho kwaye baqalise kwaye bagcine ukucuthwa kotywala kumazwe amaninzi. Umzekelo, kwiminyaka apho imigaqo-nkqubo yokungatshayi yayisanda kwamkelwa kwiindawo zokusebenza, abantu abatshayayo babedla ngokuyeka ukutshaya kwiindawo ezingenamsi xa kuthelekiswa nezo zivumela ukutshaya 8.ibhokisi ye imidizaukutshaya ngosuku kuye kwehla ekuhambeni kwexesha eOstreliya, eUnited Kingdom nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi (2002–07) 9.
ENgilani, izikhokelo zeNational Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (izindululo zesizwe ezisekelwe kubungqina zempilo) zikhuthaza abantu abatshayayo ukuba banciphise ukusetyenziswa kwesiseko sokuba kunokonyusa amathuba okuyeka. Nangona kunjalo, kukho inkxalabo yokuba ukukhuthaza ukunciphisa kunokunciphisa ukuyeka kunye nokuchasana nokubuyela umva 10. Uphononongo olucwangcisiweyo longenelelo lokuyeka ukutshaya lufumanise ukuba ukusika ngaphambi kokuyeka, okanye ukuyeka ngequbuliso, kwakunemilinganiselo yokuyeka ethelekisayo kwabatshayayo abazimisele ukuyeka 11. Okulandelayo ulingo lwafumanisa ukuba ukunciphisa ukuze uyeke ukutshaya akuncedi kangako kunokuyeka ukutshaya ngequbuliso 12; nangona kunjalo, ababhali bacebise ukuba iingcebiso zokunciphisa ukutshaya zisenokubaluleka ukuba kwandisa ukubandakanyeka kunye nombono wokufumana inkxaso. Ukuguqulwa kokusingqongileyo okufana ne-cappingibhokisi ye imidizaubungakanani bepakethi bunamandla okunciphisa ukusetyenziswa ngaphandle kokuqonda. Ke ngoko inika ithuba lokuhambisa izibonelelo zokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa ngaphandle kokuba umntu otshayayo aphuhlise iinkolelo zokuzikhulula malunga nokunciphisa ingozi ngokunciphisa yedwa. Impumelelo ibonakalisiwe ukusuka kwimigaqo-nkqubo ukuya kumlinganiselo ophakamileyo, kunye nenani elivumelekileyo kwintengiso enye, kwezinye iimveliso ezinobungozi. Umzekelo, ukunciphisa inani leepilisi ze-analgesic kwipakethe nganye kube luncedo ekuthinteleni ukufa ngokuzibulala 13.
Eli nqaku lijolise ekwakheni uphononongo lwakutsha nje lwe-Cochrane 5 apho kungekho zifundo zovavanyo zifunyenweyo zempembelelo yobungakanani bepakethi yecuba ekusetyenzisweni kwecuba.
Ngokungabikho kobungqina obuthe ngqo, sichonge ukwahluka okukhoyo ngokufumaneka kweibhokisi ye imidiza ubungakanani kunye nokudibanisa uncwadi olufanelekileyo kwiingqikelelo ezimbini eziphambili zobungakanani bepakethe ye-capping:
(i) ukunciphisa ubungakanani bepakethi kunokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa; kunye (ii) nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kunokunyusa ukupheliswa. Ukunqongophala kwezifundo zovavanyo ukuxhasa ezi ngqikelelo akusithinteli isoyikiso esiya sikhulaibhokisi ye imidizaubukhulu bepakethi (> 20) bunokubangela impumelelo yeminye imigaqo-nkqubo yolawulo lwecuba. Simi ngelithi ugxininiso lolawulo malunga nobungakanani bepakethi esezantsi, ngaphandle koqwalaselo olufanelekileyo lokuba kufuneka kubekho ubungakanani bepakethi enyanzelekileyo, yenze umsantsa onokuwusebenzisa ushishino lwecuba. Ngokusekelwe kubungqina obungathanga ngqo siphakamisa ingqikelelo yokuba umgaqo kaRhulumente wokuvala iipakethi zecuba ukuya kwicuba ezingama-20 kuya kuba negalelo kwimigaqo-nkqubo yelizwe neyehlabathi yokulawula icuba ukunciphisa ukuxhaphaka kokutshaya.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jul-25-2024