Amazwe amaninzi anemithetho yolawulo lwecuba emisela ubuncinane inaniibhokisi yecubaezinokuthi zifakwe kwiphakheji enye.
Kumazwe amaninzi alawula oku, ubungakanani obuncinci bepakethi yecuba yi-20, umz. eMelika (iKhowudi yeMigaqo yeFederal Isihloko 21 Sec. 1140.16) kunye namazwe angamalungu e-European Union (i-EU Tobacco Products Directive, 2014/40/EU). Umyalelo we-EU ubeke ubuncinane inani lee-ibhokisi yecubangepakethi nganye ukonyusa ixabiso leecuba kwangaphambili kwaye ngaloo ndlela zingabizi kakhulu kubantu abancinci 1. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, akukho mithetho mininzi malunga nobukhulu bepakethi, obuhluka kwihlabathi liphela phakathi kweecuba ezili-10 kunye nama-50 ngepakethi nganye. Iipakethi ezingama-25 zaziswa e-Australia ngeminyaka yoo-1970, kwaye iipakethi ezingama-30, 35, 40 kunye nama-50 zangena ngokuthe ngcembe kwimarike kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini eyalandelayo. 2. E-Ireland, ubungakanani beepakethi ezingaphezu kwama-20 bukhule kancinci ukusuka kwi-0% yentengiso ngo-2009 ukuya kwi-23% ngo-2018. 3. E-United Kingdom, iipakethi ezingama-23 kunye nama-24 zaziswa emva kokungeniswa kweepakethi ezilula (ezisemgangathweni). Ifunda kula mava, iNew Zealand yayalela ubungakanani beepakethi ezimbini kuphela (20 kunye nama-25) njengenxalenye yomthetho wayo wokupakisha okulula 4.
Ukufumaneka kweepakethi ezinkulu kunee-20ibhokisi ye icubainomdla kakhulu ngenxa yobungqina obukhulayo bendima yobungakanani benxalenye ekusetyenzisweni kwezinye iimveliso.
Ukutya ukutya kuyanda xa abantu benikwa ukutya okukhulu, xa kuthelekiswa nobungakanani obuncinci, kunye nohlolo olucwangcisiweyo lweCochrane olufumana isiphumo esincinci ukuya kwesiphakathi sobungakanani bokutya kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziselo ezibandayo 5. Olu phononongo lukwahlolisise ubungqina bempembelelo yobungakanani bokutya ekutyeni icuba. Zintathu kuphela izifundo ezifezekisileyo iikhrayitheriya zokubandakanywa, zonke zigxileibhokisi ye icubaubude, kungekho zifundo ezihlola impembelelo ekusetyenzisweni kobungakanani bepakethi yecuba. Ukunqongophala kobungqina bovavanyo kuyinkxalabo, kuba ukwanda kokufumaneka kweepakethi ezinkulu kunokuphazamisa ukuphuculwa kwempilo yoluntu okufezekiswa ngezinye iinkqubo zolawulo lwecuba.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, impumelelo yemigaqo-nkqubo yokulawula icuba kumazwe amaninzi ibangelwe kakhulu kukunciphisa ukwamkelwa kwecuba ngokungenelela okusekelwe kumaxabiso endaweni yokukhuthaza ukuyeka, kunye namazinga okuyeka ahlala engaguquki ngokuhamba kwexesha 6. Lo mngeni ugxininisa imfuneko yemigaqo-nkqubo ekhuthaza ukuyeka. Ukunciphisa inani leecuba ngosuku ezisetyenziswa ngabatshayi kunokuba sisiseko esibalulekileyo kwimizamo yokuyeka ngempumelelo, kwaye ngelixa ukunyusa amaxabiso mhlawumbi yeyona ndlela isebenzayo, eminye imigaqo-nkqubo yokulawula icuba nayo ibe yinto ebalulekileyo ekunciphiseni ukusetyenziswa 7. Iindlela zokutshaya zibonise ukuba abatshayi banokuqalisa kwaye baqhubeke nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kumazwe amaninzi. Umzekelo, kwiminyaka apho imigaqo-nkqubo yokungatshayi yayisetyenziswa ngakumbi kwiindawo zokusebenza, abatshayi babenethuba elikhulu lokuyeka ukutshaya kwiindawo zokusebenza ezingenamsi xa kuthelekiswa nezo zivumela ukutshaya 8. Inani elixeliweyo laibhokisi ye icubaUkutshaya ngemini kuye kwehla ngokuhamba kwexesha e-Australia, e-United Kingdom nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi (2002–07) 9.
ENgilane, izikhokelo zeNational Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (iingcebiso zezempilo ezisekelwe kubungqina besizwe) zikhuthaza abantu ababhemayo ukuba banciphise ukusetyenziswa ngenxa yokuba oku kunokwandisa amathuba okuyeka. Nangona kunjalo, kukho inkxalabo yokuba ukukhuthaza ukunciphisa kunokuphazamisa ukuyeka kunye nokungavumi ukuphinda ubuye umva 10. Uphononongo olucwangcisiweyo lweenkqubo zokungenelela zokuyeka ukutshaya lufumanise ukuba ukunciphisa ngaphambi kokuyeka, okanye ukuyeka ngequbuliso, kunamazinga afanayo okuyeka ukutshaya abantu abaceba ukuyeka 11. Uvavanyo olulandelayo lufumanise ukuba ukunciphisa ukuyeka ukutshaya kwakungeyonto isebenzayo kunokuyeka ukutshaya ngequbuliso 12; nangona kunjalo, ababhali bacebisa ukuba icebiso lokunciphisa ukutshaya lisenokuba luncedo ukuba lonyusa ukubandakanyeka kwingcamango yokufumana inkxaso. Utshintsho lokusingqongileyo olufana nokuvalaibhokisi ye icubaUbungakanani bepakethi bunokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa ngaphandle kokuqonda. Ngoko ke bunika ithuba lokubonelela ngeenzuzo zokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa ngaphandle kokuba umntu otshayayo aphuhlise iinkolelo zokuzikhulula malunga nokunciphisa umonakalo ngokunciphisa kuphela. Impumelelo ibonakaliswe kwimigaqo-nkqubo yokubeka ubungakanani obukhulu, kunye nenani elivunyelweyo kwintengiso enye, yezinye iimveliso eziyingozi. Umzekelo, ukunciphisa inani leepilisi zokuthomalalisa iintlungu kwipakethi nganye kube luncedo ekuthinteleni ukufa ngokuzibulala 13.
Eli nqaku lijolise ekwakheni uphononongo lwakutshanje lweCochrane 5 apho kungekho zifundo zovavanyo ezifunyenweyo malunga nempembelelo yobungakanani bepakethi yecuba ekusetyenzisweni kwecuba.
Ngenxa yokungabikho kobungqina obuthe ngqo, sichonge umahluko okhoyo ngokufumanekaibhokisi ye icuba ubungakanani kunye nokudibanisa uncwadi oluhambelana neengcinga ezimbini eziphambili zobungakanani bepakethe yokugubungela:
(i) ukunciphisa ubungakanani bepakethe kunokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa; kwaye (ii) ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kunokunyusa ukuyeka. Ukunqongophala kwezifundo zovavanyo zokuxhasa ezi ngcinga akuthinteli umngcipheko wokuba ukwanda okukhuluibhokisi ye icubaubungakanani beepakethi (> 20) bunokuba negalelo kwimpumelelo yeminye imigaqo-nkqubo yokulawula icuba. Sithi ingqwalasela yolawulo malunga nobungakanani obuncinci beepakethi, ngaphandle kokuqwalasela ngokufanelekileyo ukuba kufuneka kubekho ubungakanani obukhulu beepakethi obunyanzelekileyo, ngokusisiseko idale isithuba esinokusetyenziswa lishishini lecuba. Ngokusekelwe kubungqina obungangqalanga, sicebisa ingcamango yokuba umthetho kaRhulumente wokunciphisa iipakethi zeecuba kwiicuba ezingama-20 uya kuba negalelo kwimigaqo-nkqubo yokulawula icuba yesizwe neyehlabathi ukunciphisa ukuxhaphaka kokutshaya.
Ixesha leposi: Julayi-25-2024